INTRODUCTION
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NORMAN KEEPS
the earliest keeps on record, having been built by William of Arques, uncle of the Conqueror, in 1039-43. The entrance is by a forework (at the right hand in the view), the stair commencing at the north-west angle, passing through a buttress, and then up the west side, where it was strongly
Fig. 3.—Château de Beaugency.
defended. The buttresses in this instance project much more than usual. The interior is divided by a central wall, and M. Viollet-le-Duc shows how this was made available in the defence of the keep.
The general view (Fig. 2) shows the immense ditch, about 60 feet deep,
