ENGLISH EXAMPLES 41 INTRODUCTION this time the power and riches of the great independent nobles were gradually lost and destroyed, and that of the Crown increased. St. Louis induced the nobles to engage in Crusades in order to occupy them and their warlike dependants. These expeditions resulted in great losses to the nobility, and a crippling of their power and resources. Hence few castles were built in France between 1240 and 1340. Similar changes to those in France took place at this time in England in the construction of castles. In the reign of Henry in. few new castles were built, the country having been well supplied during the Norman times. The Norman castles were, however, added to and improved. The enceinte was enlarged, and the outworks strengthened. The palisades gave place to stone walls, and mural towers and gateways of great strength were added. These were sometimes concentric round the keep, and sometimes the keep was attached to the walls, either outer or central. During the thirteenth century manor-houses increased, and the castles became more domestic. The keep was abandoned and ui. 33. Carnarvon Castle from the North-West. often allowed to become ruinous. The hall and chambers, chapel, etc. (as at the end of the twelfth century), were built in the inner bailey, and buildings of wood and plaster for the immediate requirements of large
