B. vii. c. iv. $ 1. MOUTH OF THE DNIEPER. 475 stadia 1 in the broadest part, and but four plethra 2 in the nar- rowest. It is distant from the main-land, which runs out on both sides of the neck, about 60 stadia. It is sandy, but water is obtainable by digging. About the midst of the Course of Achilles 3 is the neck of the isthmus [joining it to the main-land]. It is about 40 stadia in breadth, and termin- ates in a headland which they call Tamyraca. 4 This possesses an anchorage opposite the main-land. Next comes the Gulf Carcinites, which is of considerable extent, reaching towards the north 5 about 1000 stadia. Some affirm that it is three times that distance to the head of the gulf are called Taphrii. They likewise call the Gulf Carcinites the Gulf Tamyraca, the same as the headland. CHAPTER IV. I. AT the bottom of the bay (Carcinites) commences the isthmus 6 which separates the lake called Sapra, [or the Putrid Lake,] from the sea ; it is 40 stadia in width, and forms the 1 190 toises. 2 "63| toises. 3 The Dromos Achillis is pretty well laid down in D'Anville's Orbis Romani Pars Orientalis, 1764, but at present it presents a very different appearance.
- There is a note by Gossellin in the French translation to the following
effect. The western part of this strip of land is known as the Island of Tendra, because it is separated by a cut. The eastern part of the strip is called Djarilgatch. The entire length of the tongue of land is 800 Olympic stadia, the two extremities are a little farther from the main- land than Strabo says, and the isthmus is about 50 Olympic stadia broad. D'Anville has run this isthmus through the tongue of land, and jutting out into the sea, so as to form a cape, which he also calls Tendra, and which would answer to the Tamyraca of Strabo. In the most recent maps there is no trace of this cape, but we see the port of which Strabo speaks. As these tongues of land are composed of a shifting sand, they may experience alterations of form and variations of extent. 5 Gossellin observes that the direction of the Gulf Carcinites, or Gulf of Perecop, is from west to east, with a slight inclination towards the north, on arriving from the south. Its northern shore commences at the isthmus of the Course of Achilles, and would measure about 1000 Olympic stadia if we were to follow all the sinuosities. 6 Perekop. The isthmus is about 5| miles across, according to M. Huot's map, which accompanies Prince Demidoffs Travels in Russia.
