B. xi. c. vni. 2. SAC M. MASSAGETJE. 245 The northern parts 1 of this range are occupied first by Gelas, Cadusii, and Amardi, as we have said, and by some tribes of Hyrcanians ; then follow, as we proceed towards the east and the Ochus, the nation of the Parthians, then that of the Margiani and Arii, and the desert country which the river Sarnius separates from Hyrcania. The mountain, which ex- tends to this country, or within a small distance of it, from Armenia, is called Parachoathras. From the Hyrcanian sea to the Arii are about 6000 stadia. 2 Next follow Bactriana, Sogdiana, and lastly nomade Scythians. The Macedonians gave the name of Caucasus to all the mountains which follow after Ariana, 3 but among the bar- barians the heights and the northern parts of the Parapo- misus were called Emoda, and Mount Imaus; 4 and other names of this kind were assigned to each portion of this range. 2. On the left hand 5 opposite to these parts are situated the Scythian and nomadic nations, occupying the whole of the northern side. Most of the Scythians, beginning from the Caspian Sea, are called Dahce Scythse, and those situated more towards the east Massagetse and Sacse ; the rest have the common appellation of Scythians, but each separate tribe has its peculiar name. All, or the greatest part of them, are nomades. The best known tribes are those who deprived the Greeks of Bactriana, the Asii, Pasiani, (Asiani ?) Tochari, and Sacarauli, who came from the country on the other side of the laxartes, 6 opposite the Sacae and Sogdiani, and which country was also occupied by Sacae ; some tribes of the Dahae are surnamed Aparni, some Xanthii, others Pissuri. 7 1 avrov in this passage, as Kramer remarks, is singular. 2 From what point our author does not say. 3 There is some confusion in the text, which Groskurd attempts to amend as follows: "But among the barbarians the heights of Ar'ana, and the northern mountains of India, are separately called Emoda, &c.
- B. xv. c. i. 11. The name is derived from the Sanscrit Jiimavat,
which is preserved in the Lathi hiems, winter, and in the modern name Himalaya. See Smith, art. Imaus. 5 On advancing from the S. E. of the Hyrcanian Sea towards the E. 6 The Syr-Daria. 7 Aparni, Xanthii, and Pissuri, in this passage, seem to be the same as Parni, Xandii, and Parii, in c. ix. 3, if we may understand in the pre- sent passage these people to be referred to only by name, but not as living in the country here described.
