Empire, and culminated under the fostering care of Trajan and the Antonines. It then became clear that Cicero had not looked in vain to Greek Philosophy to save his countrymen from that moral degradation and disorder which, in his own words, it demanded the most earnest endeavours of every individual citizen to check and restrain.[1]
In Greece, Religion and Philosophy had early enjoyed mutual relations of an intimate character. The force of the weighty invocations which the poet of the "Works and Days"[2] addresses to his dishonourable brother Perses lies less in the conventional theology which alludes to the wrath of "broad-sighted Zeus" as tracking the footsteps of the wicked, than in the reasoned choice which the sinner is invited to make between Injustice as leading inevitably to ruin, and Virtue leading as inevitably to prosperity;[3] and the claims of individual judgment, the right of every mans juventutem? his præsertim moribus atque temporibus, quibus ita prolapsa est, ut omnium opibus refrænenda ac coërcenda sit."—We shall venture to believe that personally Cicero was not a religious man, in spite of the religious usefulness of his philosophic work, and also notwithstanding Trollope's contention that "had Cicero lived a hundred years later I should have suspected him of some hidden knowledge of Christian teaching." (Trollope's Life of Cicero, chapter on "Cicero's Religion.") Cicero's Letters have as much religion in them as Lord Chesterfield's—and no more.]
- ↑ De Divinatione, ii. 2.—"Quod enim munus reipublicæ afferre majus meliusve possumus, quam si docemus atque erudim[)u
- ↑ Herod. ii. 53.
- ↑ Hesiod: Works and Days, 280 sqq. (cf. 293-326). Here also is to be found that famous description of the hard and easy roads of Virtue and of Vice. The reward held out to progress in Virtue is that this road, too, becomes pleasant and easy at last.
