156 I. ALLGEMEINES UND SPRACHE. 4. VEDIC GRAMMAR. of all the Dvandvas) in which the compound consists of two co-ordinated nouns in the dual, each with its own accent. 2. The first member assumes an unchangeable form. 3. Only one accent remains and is restricted to the last syllable of the final member. 4. The first member assumes (but quite rarely in the RV.) the form of the stem. 5. The formation, becoming more general, can assume plural endings (but the RV. has only a few examples in the last book). 6. In the later Samhitãs this type becomes quite general, forining a single category with the dual Dvandvas. 7. The final stage (of which the examples are few) is that of Dvandvas which are neuter singulars of a collective character. 260. In the commonest and earliest type of the old Dvandvas each member is dual in form and has a separate accent. This type seems to have originated from two grammatical practices frequent in the Vedas: (a) the juxta- position of two coordinate words without ca; e. g. bhúmano divás pári (Ix. 735) 'away from earth and heaven', krátum dákşam (VIII. 423) 'under- standing and will'; (b) the use of the elliptic dual which puts one of a pair in the dual to express both, as dyávā 'heaven and earth'. This origin is probable because the dual Dvandvas are found alternating with one or both of these usages; thus mitrá-váruna 'Mitra and Varuna' appears beside both mitrá alone and mitró váruṇaḥ (or mitró váruņaś ca and mitráś ca váruņas ca); mātárā-pitárã 'mother and father' beside mātárā or pitárā and pitrė matré and other cases, the VS. (IX. 19) having pleonastically even pitárā- mātárā ca meaning 'father and mother'. The transition from the syntactical collocation divás.. prthivyás (VI. 30¹) to a dual compound is seen in divás- prthivyos of heaven and earth' (occurring four times in the RV.) where the second word is put in the dual to show clearly that an associated couple is meant. In the RV. the two duals of the compound are often separated; e. g. dyávā ha kṣámā (X. 12¹) 'heaven and earth'; dyávā yajnáiḥ prthivi (VII. 53¹); indrā no átra váruṇā (IV. 41¹)²; á náktā barhiḥ sadatām uṣāsā (VII. 425) 'let Night and Dawn seat themselves upon the litter'; indrā nú pusánā (vI. 57¹) 'Indra and Pūşan'; indrā nv àgní (VI. 59³) Indra and Agni', indra yo agni (v1. 60¹) ³; cákṣur máhi mitráyor am éti priyám várunayoḥ (VI. 51¹) 'the great, dear eye of Mitra and Varuņa comes'. In two or three examples of tmesis the dual ending appears in the first member only, while the singular remains in the second; thus mitrá... várunaḥ (VIII. 25²) and indra yó vam varuna (v1.685) 'O Indra and Varuna'. Generally, however, the two duals are in immediate juxtaposition, as indra-bŕhaspáti 'Indra and Brhaspati'; dyáva-prthivi 'Heaven and Earth'; agní-șómã 'Agni and Soma'; gen. mitráyor- várunayohs of Mitra and Varuna'. The characteristic final vowel of the first member is -a6, as uṣásā-náktä (or náktoşásā); hence it even ousts - as in ágnā-viṣṇū (AV.) ‘O Agni and Vişnu'. Beside this a there sometimes appears a in the vocative, both in tmesis, as in mitra rājānā varuṇā (v. 62³) 'O kings Mitra and Varuna' (voc. of rájānā mitrá-váruṇā, III. 567; x. 645); and when the members are joined, as I Cp. WACKERNAGEL, KZ. 23, 302 ff., REUTER, KZ. 31, 176 ff., DELBRÜCK, Alt- indische Syntax 58 (p. 98), Vergleichende Syntax, Erster Theil 41 (p. 137 f.). 2 In each of the first 6 stanzas of IV. 41 indrā and várunā are separated by one or two words of two or three syllables. 3 Also visņu agan váruṇă Vişņu and Va- rupa' in a Mantra in TB. II. 8. 45. 4 The Pada text here reads várunā; cp. indrā kó vām varuṇā (IV. 41¹). 5 Double duals in -bhyam do not appear to occur. 6 The ending -au or -äv never occurs in the first member.
