158 I. ALLGEMEINES UND SPRACHE. 4. VEDIC GRAMMAR. A transition to the use of plural Dvandvas, that is, of pairs of groups, is made by indrä-marutas 'O Indra and Maruts', where the dual notion is made up of a singular on the one hand and a group on the other. The older type of such plural Dvandvas (which express two coordinated plurals, the first member retaining its accent and the archaic ending -a, like the -a of dual Dvandvas) is represented by ángã-párūmsi 'limbs and joints' occurring in a B. passage of the TS. (II. 5. 6¹). Examples of the later type with one accent are uktha-śastráni (VS. XIX. 28) 'recitations and praises', uktha-madáni (AV.) 'recitations and rejoicings', and probably ukthärká (VI. 34¹) 'reci- tations and hymns'. The latest type of these plural Dvandvas (like that of the duals) has the stem form in the first as well as the acute on the last syllable of the final member. The only examples of this type in the RV. occur in book x: aho-ratráni² days and nights', ajaváyas 'goats and sheep', dhana-bhakṣéşu 'in riches and enjoyments'. In the later Samhitas this type becomes quite general, forming a single category with the duals; e. g. deva-manusyàs (AV. VIII. 10⁹), bhadra-pāpás (AV.) 'the good and the bad', priyāpriyāṇi (AV.) 'pleasant and unpleasant things' ³. a. The expression ámyta mártyānām (1. 269) appears to be an abridgment for amŕtānām mártyānām 'of immortals (and) mortals', amounting almost to a plural Dvandva (= amyta-martyánām) 4. 266. A few Dvandvas appear in the Samhitas with a singular ending, these being neuter only. The older type in which a dual or plural has been turned into a singular at the end, only in order to express a collective meaning, is represented in the RV. by ista-purtám 5 'what has been offered or given', originally a pl. n. in both members (*istá-purtá) which has become a singular to emphasize its collective character. Both owing to the lack of an early type of neuter Dvandvas and because of the desire to express a collective sense, nearly all the neuter Dvandvas of the later kind are singular. In most instances both members are neuter; e. g. kṛtākṛtá-m (AV.) 'what has been done and not done', cittakūtá-m (AV.) 'thought and intention' (ákūta-), bhūta-bhavyá-m (AV.) 'the past and the future', samista-yajus (VS.) 'sacrifice and sacrificial formula'; bhadra-papásya (AV.) ‘of good and evil', añjanābhyañjana-m (AV.) 'unction and inunction' (abhyañjana-), kasipūpabarhaṇá-m (AV.) ‘mat and pillow'. a. In a few instances the first member is a masculine or feminine: keśa- śmaśrú (AV.) hair and beard', işv-āyudhé (loc. sing.) 'arrows and weapons' (AV.). 267. Adjectives also occur as Dvandvas, but they are of rare occur- rence. Three types may be distinguished. 1. Adjectives of colour expressing a mixture: e. g. nīla-lohitá- 'dark-blue and red' = 'dark red'; tamra-dhūmrá- (AV.) 'red and black' = 'dark red'; aruná-babhru- (VS.) 'ruddy and yellow', dhümrá-rohita- (VS.) 'grey and red'7. ¹ Probably ukthá-arká, not uktha-arká, the gender of the first member having pre- vailed over that of the last. = 2 The gender of the first member here prevails over that of the second. 3 Some other examples from B. passages of the Samhitās in WACKERNAGEL 2¹, p. 157. The oldest example of a Dvandva consisting of three members is prāṇāpānodānėṣu (TS. VII. 3. 3¹) 'in the outward, the downward and the upward airs', where the plural results from the addition of three individual things (not three groups). 4 Cp. WACKERNAGEL 2¹, p. 157. 5 See WINDISCH in Festgruss an Böhtlingk, P. 115 ff. 6 WACKERNAGEL (2¹, 68) quotes idhmá- barhis from the MS., 'fuel and litter', which with its double accent as well as dual ending in the first member represents a still earlier type. 7 Except in these colour adjectives in the VS., the accentuation of the adjective Dvandvas is the same as that of neuter sub- stantive Dvandvas, that is, the last syllable of the final member has the acute.
