VI. DECLENSION. NOUNS. VOWEL STEMS. 257 'support'. These forms regularly occur where the metre at the end of a Pāda favours a long vowel; e. g. skámbhanenā jánitrī (III. 31¹2), but kámbhanena skábhīyān (x. 1115); on the other hand, the long vowel appears to be used arbitrarily at the beginning of a Päda, though the short vowel here is much more frequent. Hence the à seems to be a survival and not to be due to metrical exigencies. 2. There are also more than a dozen forms made with the nominal ending -ā. In the m. there are no quite certain examples beyond yajña; possibly also krāṇá ‘acting', ghaná ‘club', džná ‘gift'², camasa ³ 'cup'. The n. forms are kavitvá and kavitvaná 'by wisdom', taranitvá 'by energy', mahitvá and mahitvaná 'by greatness', ratna-dhéya 'by distribution of wealth', ráthya 'belonging to a car', vīryà 'with heroism', sakhya 'with friendship', sarva-ratha with the whole line of chariots', su-háva 'with good invoca- tion'4. This ending is also preserved in a few instrumental adverbs: and hereby', uccá 'above', paścá 'behind', sána 'from of old's. D. m. n. This case, which has the abnormal ending -aya, is of very frequent occurrence, being formed in the RV. from over 300 stems in the m. and from nearly 150 in the n. The commonest forms are: m. indraya (188), mádīya (76) 'exhilaration', deváya (26), mártyāya (25), mitráya (23); várunīya (23), yájamānāya 'sacrificing', suryaya (11); n. suvitẩya (34) ‘wel- fare', sakhyáya (29), tokấya (21) 'offspring', tánayaya (18) line of de scendants'6. a. The normal form would have been for example *yajñái — yajná-e7. This would in Sandhi have become *yajñay, which was ultimately extended with -a, owing to the frequent combination with a following a in Sandhi (e. g. yajñáy-a pi for yajñay api), or with the shortened form of the preposition 8. Ab. m. n. These are the only nominal stems in which the Ab. is formally distinguished from the G. Instead of the normal ending -as, they take the -d which appears in the pronominal declension (e. g. má-d 'from me'), lengthening the -a of the stem before it. This Ab. in -ad is formed in the RV. from over 200 stems, nearly equally divided between m. and n. Some of the n. forms are used as adverbs. Forms of common occurrence are: m. samudrát (15) 'sea', upásthāt (9) 'lap', indrāt (8); n. antári-kṣāt¹⁰ (15) ‘air'; dūrất (19) 'from a distance', paścát (26). G. m. n. These are the only nominal stems in which the G. sing. does not end in -s**. Instead of the normal ending -as, they add -sya ¹2 which is 1 In all these forms the Pada text has the | fore vowels: tad-vaśayan eşá (11. 14²) and short final vowel à; see RPr. VIII. 21 and cp. saváyaṁ evá (1. 113¹). APr. III. 16. The pronominal forms ténā, yénā, svénā also appear, and always with the short vowel in the Pada text; on the other hand, ená is always end in the Pada, while the unaccented en, beside ena, has the short vowel in the Pada. See LANMAN 332 (bottom). 2 See LANMAN 334 (middle). 3 Nasalized in camasam iva (x. 254), Pada camasin. On these forms see LANMAN 335. 4 This form of the instrumental also appears a few times in the pronoun tvá beside the usual tváyā; it also occurs in a few compounds, as tvá-datta- and tvá-data- ‘given by thee'; cp. LANMAN 334 (middle). 5 Perhaps also nicá 'below', cp. nicáis; but it may be the I. of nyàñc-. 6 Such D. forms are twice nasalized be- Indo-arische Philologie. I. 4. 7 The normal ending -e is actually used in the pronominal declension, e. g. tásmai tásma-e. 8 See JOHANSSON, BB. 20, 96 ff. and BAR- THOLOMAE, Arische Forschungen 2,69; 3,63. 9 Cp. JOHANSSON, BB. 16, 136 and BRUG- MANN, Grundriss 2, 588. 10 This is really a radical a- stem; see above, 370. ¹ In the G. sing. of stems in -ar and -tar, the final seems to represent original -s; see above 358, note on svásur. - 12 They is never to be read as i; possibly however about five times in the pronominal asyá. The final -a in two or three instances undergoes protraction of a purely metrical character: see LANMAN 338³. 17
