I. PHONOLOGY. SAMPRASARANA SERIES. à-SERIES. a. 7 is found thus both in radical and suffixal syllables: 1. in jī-tá- (AV.) jī-yáte (AV.) and ji-yate: jyá- 'might', jyá-yas- 'stronger', ji-jya-sant- 'desiring to overcome'; 2. in the fem. suffix -: kan-i-nām (for kani-nám) from kan-yà- 'girl'; in nom. acc., e. g. devi, devím, devis, beside -ya- in dat. abl. gen. loc. sing. devyái (= devyá-e), devyás (=devyá-as), devyám (= devya-am); 3. in the optative, either before or after the accented syllable, beside -ya-; e. g. bruv-i-tá and bháret (= bhára-i-t), but i-ya-t. b. ū is found: 1. in forms of sūd- 'put in order' (= 'make palatable'), e. g. su-sud-ati, sud-áyati, sam-süd-á- (TS.) 'gum', beside forms and derivatives of svad- 'enjoy', 'taste', e. g. svāda-te, svattá-, svad-i- 'sweet'; 2. in fem. nouns in - beside -va in dat. abl. gen. loc. sing.; e. g. śvaśrú- ‘mother-in-law', dat. suasr-vải (AV., = švaśr-vå-e), gen. švašr-vás (AV., śvaśr-vá-as), loc. svašr-vám ( svaśr-vá-am). = 1 c. 7r (7) is found in dirgh-á- long', beside drágh-iyas- 'longer', drágh- iştha- ‘longest', drāgh-mán- ‘length'. 17 III. The ǎ-series. a. Gradation of a. 25. A. Low grade: a or. Many roots and formatives have a in the Guņa or normal stage. The reduction of r from ar or ra indicates that in low grade syllables this a would normally disappear. As a rule, however, it remains', doubtless because its loss would in most cases have led to unpronounceable or obscure forms. At the same time, the syncope takes place in a considerable number of instances: I. in verbal forms: ad- 'eat': d-ánt- (- old pres. part.) 'tooth'; as- 'be': s-ánti, s-yắt, s-ánt-, beside ás-ti 'is'; gam- 'go':ja-gm-úr; ghas- 'eat' : a-ks-an, 3. pl. impf., g-dha (= ghs-ta), 3. sing. impf. mid., ja-ks-tyát, perf. opt., beside għas-a-t 'may he eat'; pat- 'fall' : pa-pt-ima, pa-pt-úr, pa-pt-iváms-, perf., a-pa-pt-at, aor., beside pát-anti; pad-‘go': pi-bd-a-māna-, red. pres. part., pi-bd-aná- ‘standing firm', beside pád-yate 'goes'; bhas- 'chew': ba-ps-ati, 3 pl. pres., bá-ps-at-, pres. part., beside bhás-a-t 'may he chew'; sac- 'follow': sá-śc-ati, 3. pl. red. pres., sa-śc-ata, 3. pl. impf. mid., sa-śc-iré, 3. pl. perf. mid., beside sac-ante 'they accompany'; sad- 'sit': sid-ati (= si-zd-ati), 3. sing. pres., sed-úr (= sa-zd-úr), 3. pl. perf., beside á-sad-at 'he sat'; han- strike': ghn-ánti, 3. pl. pres., beside hàn-ti 3. sing. 2. in nominal derivatives: ghas- 'eat': a-g-dhád- (TS.) 'eating what is uneaten' (= a-ghs-ta-ad-), sá-g-dhi (VS.) joint meal' (= sa-ghs-ti-); bhas- 'chew': á-ps-u- 'foodless'; pad- ‘walk': upa-bd-á-, upa-bd-i- 'noise' (lit. 'tread'); tur-tya- fourth' (= *ktur-iya-): catúr- 'four'; napt-í- 'granddaughter': nápāt- 'grandson'. 3. in suffixes: -s- for -as- in bhī-ș-á, inst. sing. : bhiy-ás-a 'through fear'; Sīr-ș-án- : šír-as- ‘head'; -s for -as in the abl. gen. sing. ending of stems in i u o: e. g. agné-s, visno-s, gó-s. B. Long grade: ā.— The Vṛddhi corresponding to the a which represents the Guņa stage is ā. It appears: a. in the root: I. in primary nominal derivation: thus pád- 'foot': pad-, bd- 'walk'; ráj- I See WACKERNAGEL I, 70. 2 When a is followed by n or m, the syllables an and am, if preceded by a con- sonant, usually lose the nasal before mutes; e. g. han strike': ha-thás 2. du. pres.; gam- cp. WACKERNAGEL I, 66. Indo-arische Philologie. I. 4. 'go' :ga-tá-; dyu-mánt-, inst. sing. dyu-mát-ā; na-man-, inst. pl. náma-bhis. The a in such low grade syllables is generally regarded as historically representing the sonant nasal : 2
