I. ALLGEMEINES UND SPRACHE. 4. VEDIC GRAMMAR. bhyas, mānavébhyas 'men', mánuşebhyas 'men', manebhyas 'descendants of Māna', yajatébhyas adorable', yajñíyebhyas, ráthebhyas 'chariots', vidústarebhyas 'very wise', viprebhyas 'seers', vy-àśvebhyas 'horseless', śasamanébhyas 'toiling', suvida- triyebhyas 'bountiful', sóma-rabhastarebhyas 'intoxicated with Soma', somyébhyas 'preparers of Soma', stenébhyas 'thieves'. - n. bhivanebhyas 'beings'. Ab. m. n. This case is formed like the D. with the normal ending -bhyas from nearly two dozen stems in the RV. about equally divided between the m. and n. In more than half of these forms the ending must be pronounced as a dissyllable. The forms occurring are: m. ántebhyas 'ends', ásurebhyas 'divine spirits', ugrebhyas, grhébhyas, jánebhyas, jivebhyas 'living beings', devébhyas, párvatebhyas, makhébhyas 'vigorous', viprebhyas, sürebhyas, syené- bhyas eagles'. n. anyá-kṛtebhyas 'done by others', antrebhyas entrails', duritébhyas, nakhébhyas 'nails', padébhyas, párthivebhyas 'terrestrial spaces', bhuvanebhyas, mrdhrébhyas contempt', vánebhyas 'forest trees', harmyébhyas 'houses'. 262 - G. m. n. Instead of the normal ending -ām these stems almost invariably add the ending -nam, before which the final vowel is lengthened as in the -i, -u and - stems. This ending (like -āni in the n. pl.) must have been due to the influence of the -n stems. The case is thus formed in the RV. from over 100 stems in the m. and over 20 in the n. In nearly half these forms the final syllable may be metrically read as aam². Two-thirds of these reso- lutions are, however, not necessary as they occur at the end of octosyllabic Pādas which may be catalectic; but many undoubted resolutions are required within the Pãda ³. Among the forms of most frequent occurrence are m. devánām (148), jánānām (34), yajñíyānām (12), ādityánām (11), adhvarāṇām (10). n. dhánānām (13). a. The organic form e. g. from devá- would have been devám (= devá-ām). Not more than three or four, examples of this survive in the RV., and only two of these seem undoubted: yuthyam áśvānām (VIII. 564) 'of horses belonging to the herd' and carátham in gárbhaś ca sthātắm gárbhaś caráthám (1. 70³) offspring of things that are stationary, offspring of things that move'4. There are further some half dozen forms written with final -ān or -an which seem to stand for the G. pl. in -ām: deván jánma (1. 71³; VI. 11³) the race of the gods' (Pada deván); deván jánmana (x. 6414) 'with the race of the gods' (Pada deván); vísa á ca mártan (IV. 2) and hither to the dwellings of mortals' (= mártām); coşkuyáte visa indro manusyan (VI. 4716) Indra protects the tribes of men'. L. m. n. This case adds the normal ending -su before which (as before -bhis and -bhyas) -e takes the place of the final vowel of the stem and cere- bralizes the following sibilant. It is formed from some 123 stems in the m. and some 92 in the n. 5 It is almost invariably to be read with hiatus, even before u-7. Among the most frequently occurring forms are: m. devéșu (99), vājesu (41), yajñéṣu (35), adhvaréșu (27), mártyeșu (25), sutéșu (16). - n. vidáthesu (33), váneșu (20), sávaneșu (14), bhůvaneșu (12), ukthéșu (10). ¹ See LANMAN 352 c; BRUGMANN, Grund- riss 2, p. 691. 2 LANMAN (352, bottom) enumerates the forms in which resolution takes place. 3 LANMAN 3524, gives a list of the forms in which resolution is required; cp. ARNOLD, Vedic Metre 143 (p. 92). F 4 Perhaps also himsānām (x.142¹) if G. pl. of a participle himsana-, and sasám if G. of šāsá- 'ruler' (II. 2312), vanám (x. 465) is G. pl. of ván- rather than vána-. Cp. LANMAN 353. 5 The gender is doubtful in some in- stances. 6 The only undoubted exception to this rule in the RV. occurs in a late hymn (x. 1218), where devéşv ádhi must be read. Cp. LANMAN 354. 7 On the probable origin of the ending -su cp. BRUGMANN, Grundriss 2, p 700.
