265 VI. DECLENSION. NOUNS. VOWEL STEMS. takes the ending -e direct, but with elision of the stem vowel, as in the radical - declension ¹. Ab. This case is formed anomalously by adding the ending yas to the stein. It is rare, being made in the RV. from only seven stems, the AV. having three additional examples. The forms occurring are: urdhváyās (AV.) ‘upright', kanāyās 'maiden', jihváyās, dákṣiṇāyās, dur-évayas ‘ill-disposed', dur-háṇāyās 'mischief'. dáivyayās 'divine', dhruváyās (AV.) ‘firm', nidāyās ‘dis- grace', vy-adhváyās (AV.)³ ‘lying half-way'. G. This case is formed in the same way as the Ab., but is much more frequent, being made from 26 stems in the RV. The forms occurring are: ághnyāyās and aghnyáyās 'cow (not to be killed)', iläyās, ukháyās, usriyāyās 'ruddy cow', irmyayas 'night, kanáyás, káşthayas 'course', jihváyas, dákṣiṇāyās, darśatayas 'conspicuous', dúrvayas 'Dürva grass', dhişánayas 'offering', ‘Dūrvā dhisamanayas 'longing', pájrayas 'vigorous', pári takmyayas 'wandering', mahinayas 'mighty', rasayas a mythical river, vayayas 'branch', vispálayas, sasvattamáyas 'most recent', siphayas N. of a river, sucáyas 'pure', sabar-dighayas 'yielding nectar', schanáyäss 'victorious', surayas intoxicating liquor', suryayas. L. This case is formed by adding the anomalous ending -yam to the stem, e. g. bhadrá-yam. It is not common, being formed from only 16 or 17 stems in the RV. The forms occurring are: apayáyām6 N. of a river, āmáyām ‘raw', uttānāyām ‘outstretched', usriyāyām, (á)-gatāyām 'come', grīvāyām 'neck', jurnayam 'ancient', návāyām 'new', pári-takmyāyām, bhadráyam bene- ficent', yamúnayam N. of a river, varatráyam 'thong', váśayām (Kh.II. 105) 'cow', simśápayām N. of a tree, sirinayām 'night', sabhayam (TS. 1. 8. 3') 'assembly', súrāyām, su-ṣómāyām7 N. of a river, hariyūpiyayim N. of a locality. V. This case has the abnormal ending -e8 and is in the RV. formed from over 50 stems; e. g. aśve. The original form must have been the bare stem with the final vowel shortened; e. g. *ásva, but of this there is no certain survival. The form amba which occurs in the RV. three times (unaccented) may originally have been an exclamation, and it can have this sense alone in one of the three passages of the RV. (x. 972), where it is used with a plural. In the two other passages it may very well mean 'O mother' (11.41¹6; x. 867). The VS. (xxIII. 18) and the TS. (VII. 4. 19¹) have the V. ámbe as from a stem ámba 'mother'9. The forms occurring are: ághnyāsye¹⁰ (Kh. Iv. 526. 32) 'cow-faced', aghnye, apve N. of a disease, amartye 'immortal', ámbike (TS. VS.) 'mother', ambitame 'most motherly', asve 'mare', aśva-sunrte 'rich in horses', aditya-varne¹¹ (Kh. II. 66) 'sun-coloured', arjikiye N. of a river, ile goddess of devotion, istake (TS. IV. 2. 92) 'brick', ugra-putre 'having mighty sons', uttare 'mightier', uttana-parne 'having extended leaves', uru-vraje 'extending afar', urmye, rşve 'exalted', kadha-priye 'ever pleased', kane 'one-eyed', kama-dughé (TS. IV. 2. 96) 'cow of plenty', krtye (Kh. iv. 5²5) 'magic', ghóra-rūpe (Kh. 1v. 5²6) 'of awful form', gange 'Ganges', ghore 'awful', citre, citra-maghe 'having brilliant gifts', jaye, dūrve (TS. IV. 2. 9²), deva-jūte 'impelled by the gods' This forms a transition to the consonant declension like devátüte beside devátātaye; cp. LANMAN 359². 2 Like the D. it is due to the influence of the stems in derivative -, to the fuller form of which, -ya-, the normal ending -as was added. 3 Also the pronominal sváyās 'own'. 4 Participle, perhaps desiderative, of dhi- 'think'. 5 Perfect participle middle of sah- 'conquer'. 6 A transition form from the radical ā- declension, see p. 249, note ¹¹. 7 Also the pronominal form svayām. 8 The origin of this ending is uncertain; cp. BRUGMANN 2, 541. 9 This is a common stem in post-Vedic Sanskrit. 10 The ed. has aghnyásye. 11 The ed. has āditya-varne.
