22 Mutes. 31. Modes of articulation. There are 20 mutes (or 22 counting !!h among the cerebrals), which comprise a tenuis, an aspirate tenuis, a media, and an aspirate media in each of the five groups of gutturals, palatals, cerebrals, dentals, and labials (4). These four modes of articulation are initially and medially liable to but little variation except when they come into contact with other mutes or with following sibilants. I. ALLGEMEINES UND SPRACHE. 4. VEDIC GRAMMAR. I. The tenues regularly represent IE. tenues; e. g. cakrá- 'wheel', Gk. Kýkλo-s; pit'- 'father', Gk. Taтýp, Lat. pater. 2. The mediae regularly represent IE. mediae; e. g. gácchati, Gk. Báokel; ráj- 'king', Lat. reg-; mád-ati is drunk', Lat. mad-et. There are a few instances in which a media appears in place of an older tenuis: gulphá- (AV.): kulphá- 'ancle'; árbhaga- 'youthfuľ': arbhaká- 'little'; túj-: túc-, toká- 'offspring'; án-ava-prgna- 'undivided': prc- 'mix'; giriká- (MS.) : kiriká- (VS.)¹ a kind of demon. These examples may be due to popular dialects, in which tenues largely became mediae². In a few derivatives the media appears instead of k before the n m v of suffixes owing to the influence of Sandhi: e. g. vag-nú- 'sound', from vac- 'speak', but rék-nas- 'wealth', from ric-; sag-má- 'helpful, from sak-, but ruk-má- ‘gold', from ruc- 'shine'; vag-vin- (AV.) ‘eloquent', from vák 'speech', but tak-vá- 'swift', from tak- 'hasten'. 3. The evidence of cognate languages shows that the Vedic aspirate tenuis in a large number of instances is original, and it is highly probable that it is the regular representative of IE. aspirate tenuis. The following are examples in which mutes of this character are inherited ³: a. khan- ‘dig’; khẳ- ‘spring’; khẩd-ati ‘chews’; nakhá- ‘nail’; makhả- ‘lively; mukha- 'mouth'; sankhá- (AV.) 'shell'; sákhi- 'companion'. b. ch IE.skh, e. g. in chid- 'split'; IE. sk in inchoative gácchati 'goes', uccháti 'shines'. = ― = c. th th in saș-thá- (VS. AV.) 'sixth'; șthiv-ati (AV.) ‘spits'. d. th in átha 'then'; athari- 'tip'; átharvan- 'fire-priest'; ártha- ‘use'; granth- 'knot'; path- 'way'; prth-ú- 'broad'; práth-as 'breadth'; próthat- 'snorting'; math- 'stir'; mith- 'alternate'; yá-thā ‘as'; rátha- ‘car'; vyathate ‘wavers'; śnath- 'pierce'. Further in the various suffixes-tha: forming primary nouns; e. g. uk-thá- praise', gã-thá- f. gã-tha- 'song'; as -atha in śvas-átha- 'hissing'; forming ordinals: catur-thá- (AV.) ‘fourth'; saptá-tha- 'seventh'; forming 2. sing. perf. : dada-tha 'thou gavesť, vét-tha ‘thou knowest'; forming 2. pl. pres.: bhava- tha 'ye are'; also in -thas of 2. sing. mid., e. g. a-sthi-thās 'thou hast stood'. e. ph in phála- 'fruit'; phála- ploughshare'; sphar- and sphur- 'jerk'; spha(y)- 'grow fat'. 4. The aspirate media, which represents the same IE. sound, is a media combined with 7. This is proved by the express statements of the Pratiśakhyass; by the fact that th dh is written with the separate letters ? and h; and by the change of following a media to an aspirate media (as tád dhí for tád hí). a. In two or three words an aspirate media interchanges with an aspirate tenuis: nádhamāna- 'praying', nādhitá- ‘distressed', beside näthitá- 'distressed' (where th is probably due to the influence of -näthá- 'help'); ádha and átha 'then' 6; nişangádhi- (VS.) and nişangáthi- (TS.) 'scabbard'.
- For some doubtful instances of media | sprachliche tenuis aspirata dentalis im ari-
representing IE. tenuis, see WACKERNAGEL schen, griechischen und lateinischen' by I, 100 b, p. 117, note. ZUBATY in KZ. 31, 1-9. 2 1. c. 3 Op. cit. 101. 5 RPr. XIII. 2. 5; TPr. II. 9. 4 A complete list of Vedic and Sanskrit 6 There seem to have been a few IE. words containing th in his article 'Die ur-doublets of this kind: seeWACKERNAGEL I, 103.
