VII. VERB. PRESENT SYSTEM. Du. 2. trayetham, manyetham, hvayetham (AV.). Pl. 2. 3. trayetām. asyadhvam, jāyadhvam (AV.), tráyadhvam, dayadhvam, nahya- dhvam (AV.), budhyadhvam, sivyadhvam.-3. jayantām, tráyantām, padyantām (AV.), pyāyantām, manyantām (AV. TS.), vyayantām (TS. III. 3.11³), hvayantām (TS. III. 2. 4¹). Present Participle. 442. Active. ásyant-, isyant-, rjyant-, (á-) kupyant- (AV.), kṣsúdyant-, gayant-, gŕdhyant-, trsyant-, diyant-, nýtyant-, pásyant-, piyant-, púsyant-, yásyant-, yudhyant, ráyant-, (á-)lubhyant-(AV.), váyant-, vidhyant-(AV.), vyáyant-, śímyant- (TS. v. 2. 12¹), sívyant-, háryant-; and the compound án-ava-glāyant- (AV.) 'not relaxing'. Middle. iyamana-, kayamana-, cáyamana-, jáyamana-, tráyamāṇa-, dáyamana-, náhyamana-, pátyamana-, pádyamana-, páśyamana-, púryamāṇa-, pyáyamāna-, búdhyamana-, mányamāna-, yúdhyamāna-, rádhyamäna- (AV.), váśyamāna- (AV.), háryamāṇa-, hváyamāna-. Du. 3. ápasyatām. Pl. I. ápasyāma. Imperfect Indicative. 443. Active. Sing. I. adiyam, ápasyam, avyayam. 2. apaśyas, áyudhyas.- 3. agayat, adhayat, anrtyat (AV.), ápasyat, ayudhyat, avayat (AV.), ávidhyat, avyayat, áharyat, áhvayat; ásyat. - 333 3. ajūryan ², ápasyan, ávayan (AV.), ahvayan (AV.); ásyan (AV.). Middle. Sing. 2. ájāyathās, aharyathās; jayathās. 3. ájāyata, apatyata, amanyata, arajyata (AV.); jāyata. Du. 2. áhvayethām (AV.). - 3. áhvayetām. Pl. 3. ájayanta, ánahyanta (AV.), apadyanta (AV.), ápasyanta, áman- yanta, ahvayanta; jayanta, dáyanta. B. The suffixally accented yá- class (passive). DELBRÜCK, Verbum 184 (p. 166-169). AVERY, Verb-Inflection 274-275. WHITNEY, Sanskrit Grammar 768-774; Roots 230-231. v. NEGELEIN 38-40. - - ¹ ávatīryatís (AV.XIX. 93) is a corrupt reading: see WHITNEY'S Translation; cp. p. 331, note 7. 2 AVERY 249 adds adhayan(?). 444. Any root that requires a passive forms its present stem by adding accented -yá (which never needs to be pronounced -ia). The root appears in its weak form, losing a nasal and taking Samprasarana; thus añj- 'anoint': aj-yá- be anointed'; vac- 'speak' uc-yá- 'be spoken'. Final vowels undergo the changes usual before ya in verbal forms: final i and u being lengthened, ā mostly becoming ī, r being generally changed to ri, and 7 becoming īr³. Thus mi- 'fix': mīya-; su- 'press': sūyá-; dã- ‘give': dī-yá- (but jñā- ‘know' : jñā-yá-); kṛ- ‘make': kri-yá-; - 'crush': sīrya-. 3 No example of ur seems to occur in in the Samhitäs, but pur-ya- from př- 'fill' is found in the -ya class. a. The root tan- 'stretch' forms its passive from tā- : tā-yá-. Similarly jan- 'beget' makes its present stem from jā- : jaya-te, which has, however, been transferred to the radically accented ya- class. mri-yá-te 'dies' (V/mr-)4 and dhriyáte (√dhṛ-) ‘is steadfast', though passives in form, are not so in sense 5. 445. The inflexion is identical with that of the radically accented ya- class in the middle, differing from it in accent only. No forms of the optative are found in the RV. or AV. The forms actually occurring are the following: 4 This root has a transitive sense ('crush') only in its secondary form mrn-, and in the AV. in the imperative forms mṛṇīhi and mynīta. 5 Cp. above 437.
