VII. VERB. PERFECT SYSTEM. 355 I tastabh-, strong tastámbh-. Similarly, from dambh-, the nasalized form of dabh- 'harm', is formed dadabh-, strong dadámbh- (AV.); and from rambh-, the nasalized form of rabh-2 'seize', rărabh-. From dams- 'bite', only the participle dadašváms- occurs. The root bandh- 'bind', both loses its nasal and contracts, forming the weak stem bedh- (AV.) beside the strong babándh- (AV.). b. Roots with final ā retain that vowel in the strong stem, but in the weak reduce it to i3 before consonants and drop it before vowels. Thus dhà- 'put' employs dadhá- in the strong forms, dadhi- and dadh- in the weak. 3. Endings. 484. The endings in the indicative active are all peculiar (excepting the secondary -vaª and -ma), while in the middle they are identical (excepting the 3. sing. -e and 3. pl. -re)5 with the primary middle endings of the present. They are the following: sing. I. -a 2. -tha Active pl. -má sing. Middle du. [-váhe] -áthe -áte du. [-vá] pl. I. -é -áthur -máhe -á 2. -sé -dhvé 3. -a -átur 6 -úr 7 3. -é -ré Roots ending in -ī take the anomalous ending -au8 in the 1. and 3. sing. act.; e. g. dha- 'put: da-dháu. The only exception is the root pra- 'fill', which once forms the 3. sing. pa-prá (1. 69¹) beside the usual pa-práu. a. Consonant endings. These are, as a rule, added directly to the stem. No forms with -vá or -váhe occur in the Samhitas; -máhe is always added direct, as is also -dhvé in the only form in which it occurs, dadhi-dhvé. The remaining consonant endings, -tha, -ma, -se, -re, are nearly always added direct to stems ending in vowels, but frequently with the connecting vowel -- to stems ending in consonants. 1. Roots with final à always add the endings directly to the stem, which reduces the radical vowel to i9 in the weak forms; e. g. dadá-tha; dadhi-má, dadhi-sé, dadhi-reto 2. Roots with final and u also always add these endings direct to the stem; e. g. ji- 'conquer' : jige-tha; nī- ‘lead': niné-tha; su- 'press’ : sușu-má; cyu- 'move': cicyu-sé; hu- 'sacrifice': juhu-ré; hu- 'call': juhu-ré. The only exception is bhu-, which (doubtless owing to the fondness of this verb for -uv-) forms babhív-i-tha twice in the RV. beside the usual babhi-tha, and babhūv-i-má once in the AV. 1 From which is formed the weak stem | shown by the evidence of the Avesta; cp. debh-. BRUGMANN, KG. 797 (p. 597). 2 From which is formed the weak stem rebh-. 8 This has not been satisfactorily explained; cp. BRUGMANN, Grundriss 2, p. 1223³. 3 See DELBRÜCK, Verbum 147 (p. 120); BRUGMANN, Grundriss 2, 844 (p. 1206-8); cp. v. BRADKE, IF. 8, 123-137; 156-160; REICHELT, BB. 27, 94. 4 No perfect form with -va is, however, found in the Samhitās. 9 This as the reduced form of a (cp. hi-tá- etc., from dhā-), occurring in such very common verbs as da- 'give' and dhà- 'put', was probably the starting point for the use of i as a connecting vowel in other verbs; but cp. BRUGMANN, Grundriss 2, p. 1208¹; cp. also IF. 8, 123—160. 5 Both of these, however, occasionally appear in the present ind. mid. 10 The vowel is dropped before -ré in 6 The a is here probably not connecting | dadh-re, which occurs once beside the very vowel but identical with the a of the 2. pl.; common dadhi-ré. Similarly the stem of da- a-tur getting its from the 3. pl. -ur, and give', is shortened before the ending -rire -a-thur being then formed like -thas beside in dad-rire, which occurs once (with passive -tas: cp. BRUGMANN, KG. p. 597. sense). 7 That (and not s) is here original is 23*
