I. ALLGEMEINES UND SPRACHE. 4. VEDIC GRAMMAR. sams-'proclaim': sams-áya- 'cause to proclaim'; svañc-'spread': svañc-áya- 'cause to spread out'; syand- 'flow: syand-aya- id.; srams- 'fall': srams-aya- (AV.) 'cause to fall'. 396 557. Final i, u, r take Guņa or Vṛddhi, the latter being commoner. a. The only example of a causative stem from a root ending in an i- vowel is that of ksi- 'possess', which takes Guņa: kṣay-áya- 'cause to dwell securely'. b. Final takes Guna or Vrddhi: cyu- 'waver': cyāv-áya- 'shake'; dru- 'run': drav-aya- 'flow' and drāv-áya 'cause to flow'; bhu- 'become' : bhav-áya- (AV.) 'cause to become'; yu- 'separate': yav-aya- and yāv-áya- id.; śru- 'hear'
- śrav-áya- and śrāv-áya 'cause to hear'; śru-¹ 'dissolve': śrav-áya- and śrāv-
aya- (Pp. śrav-) 'cause to move'; sru- 'flow': srāvaya- (AV.) 'cause to flow'. c. Final? usually takes Vrddhi; thus ghr- 'drip' : ghār-aya- (AV.) 'cause to drip'; dhr- 'hold' : dhar-áya- id.; pr- ‘pass' : pār-áya- id.; pr- ‘fill' : pūr-áya- (AV.) ‘fulfil'; mr- ‘die' : mār-áya- (AV.) ‘kill'; vr- 'confine': vār-áya- id. Two causatives have the Guna as well as the Vrddhi form: jr- 'waste away' : jar- áya- and jār-áya- (Pp.jar-) 'wear out', 'cause to grow old'; sṛ- 'flow' : sar-áya- id. and sār-aya- 'cause to flow'. One root in - takes Guņa only: dr- 'pierce'
- dar-áya- 'shatter'.
558. Roots ending in -à form their causative stem by adding -paya; thus kṣā- ‘burn' : kṣā-paya- (AV.) id.; glā- ‘be weary': glä-paya- (Pp. glắp-) 'exhaust'; da- 'give': da-paya- (AV.) 'cause to give'; dha 'put': dha-paya- 'cause to put'; dha- 'suck': dha-páya- 'suckle'; mla- 'relax' (intr.): mla-páya- (AV.) ‘relax' (tr.); vā- ‘blow': vã-páya- ‘fan'; sthā- 'stand': sthā-paya- ‘set up'; sna- 'wash' (intr.) : snā-páya- ‘bathe' (tr.) ². In three roots the ã is shortened: jñā- 'know' : jña-paya- (AV.) 'cause to know'; śra- 'boil': śra-páya- (AV. TS.) 'cook'; snä- ‘wash' : sna-páya- (AV.) beside snã-páya- ‘bathe' (tr.). a. A few roots ending in other vowels take paya. Two stems are formed by adding the suffix to the gunated root: ksi- 'possess': kṣe-paya- 'cause to dwell' beside kşay-aya-; r- ‘go' : arpaya- 'cause to go'. In the VS. two roots in i substitute à for that vowel before -paya: ji- 'conquer' : jã-paya- 'cause to win'; śri- 'resort': (ud-)śrā-paya- (VS¹.) 'raise'. a. Two roots with initial p and ending in -à do not form their causative stem with -paya, but add the ordinary suffix -aya with interposed y: pā ‘drink' : pāy-áya-, 'cause to drink'; pyā- 'overflow' : (à-\pyāy-áya- (AV.) ‘fill up'. This seeming irregularity is doubtless due to the original form of the root ³. Inflexion. 559. The causative is inflected regularly like the verbs of the a- con- jugation in both voices. It is to be noted, however, that in the 1. pl. pres. the termination -masi occurs in the RV. and AV. ten times as often as -mas; that in the 2. pl. no forms in -thana are met with; and that in the 3. sing. mid. e never appears for -ate. a. The forms of the present indicative active and middle, which actually occur, would if made from kalpáya- be the following: Active. Sing. 1. kalpayāmi. 2. kalpáyasi. .3. kalpáyati. — Du. 2. kalp- ayathas. 3. kalpayatas. Pl. I. kalpayāmasi and kalpáyāmas. 2. kalpáyathă. 3. kalpayanti. Du. 2. kalpá- Middle. Sing. 1. kalpáye. 2. kalpáyase. 3. kalpáyate. yethe. 3. kalpáyete. Pl. I. kalpayāmahe. 3. kalpáyante. Forms that occur elsewhere in the present system are the following: - This root, of which only three forms occur in the RV., seems to be only a varied spelling for sru- 'flow'. 2 The causative stem ha-paya-, from ha- 'forsake' is presupposed by the aorist jihipas. 3 See above 27 a 1 and 4.
