I. ALLGEMEINES UND SPRACHE. 4. VEDIC GRAMMAR. mighty' (beside tavişi-yá-); turan-yá- 'be speedy'; daman-ya-¹ 'overpower'; bhuran-yá- 'be active'; vithur-yá- 'stagger'; saran-yá- 'hasten'. There are several other denominatives which presuppose nouns in -ana: thus dhisan-yá- ‘pay attention'; rişan-yá- 'commit faults'; ruvan-ya- 'roar'; huvan-ya- 'call'. The derivation of işan-yá- beside işana-ya- 'impel' is perhaps similar; but the nominal stem on which this denominative is based may be işáni- 'impulse' ² 400 564. Stems in -a, which usually remains unchanged: gopā-yá- 'act as herdsman', 'protect'; jmā-yá- 'speed to earth'; ducchuna-yá- 'desire mischief' 3; prtana-yá- 'fight'; bhandana-yá- 'strive for glory'; mana-yá- 'feel attachment'; raśanā-yá- (AV.) 'put on a girdle'. Similar stems are to be assumed in rgha-yá- 'tremble', and hṛnä-yá- 'be wrathful'; and dhiya-yá- 'pay attention' is based on dhiya-5 dhi- 'thought'. a. The-a of the nominal stem is once shortened, if krpa-yá- (RV¹.) ‘mourn’6 is a denominative and different from the causative krpáya- (554). The à is dropped in prlan-yá 'fight' beside prtană-ya-. a. There are more than a dozen denominatives with a preceding -ya-, without any corresponding noun in ă; thus asa-yá- 'attain'7; tuda-yá- (AV.) 'thrust'; dama-yá- 'tame'7; naśā-ya-8 (x. 40°) 'reach'; pana-ya- 'boast of'; vasā-yá- 'invest oneself with'; vṛṣã-ya- 'cause to rain'9. Seven such denomi- natives, however, appear beside present bases according to the ninth class in -nă: grbha-yá- 'seize' (grbh-ná-); matha-yá- 'shake' (math-na-); pruşa-yá- 'drip' (prus-nánt-, VS.); muşa-yá- 'steal' (mus-na-); śratha-ya- 'loosen' (śrath-ná-); skabha-ya- 'fasten' (skabh-ná-); stabha-ya- 'supporť (stabh-nā-). 565. Stems in -i, which is nearly always lengthened (though usually short in the Pada text): arati-yá- (RV. VS.) 'be malevolent', but arati-ya- (AV. and RV. Pp.); kavi-yá- 'be wise'; jani-yá- 'seek a wife', but jani-ya- (AV.); dur-grbhi-ya- 'be hard to grasp'; mahi-yá- ‘be delighted'; rayi-yá- 'desire wealth'; sakhí-yá-¹ 'seek friendship'. a. In a few instances the i is either treated as a or takes Guna of which the final element is dropped (-a-ya-ay-ya): thus işana-ya- 'set in motion' (isáni- 'impulse'); kírtá-ya- (AV.) ‘make mention of' (kirti-); ahuna-ya- 'resound' (dhúni- 'sounding'); susva-yá- and susvá-ya- flow' (súsv-i-11 'pressing'). Perhaps formed in the same way are śrudhi-ya- 'obey' and hrṇī-yá- 'be angry' 12. B. pátya- be a lord', 'rule', probably in origin a denominative of páti- 'lord', is treated like a verh of the fourth class as if from a root pat-. 566. Stems in -u, which (except gâtu-yá- twice) is always long (though always short in Pp.): asu-yá-‘grumble'; rju-yá- 'be straight'; kratū-yá- 'exert the intellect'; gatu-yá- and gatu-yá- 'set in motion'; pitu-ya- 'desire nourishment'; valgu-yá- 'treat kindly'; vasu-ya- 'desire wealth'; satrūu-ya- 'play the enemy', 'be hostile'; sukratu-ya- 'show oneself wise'. Moreover, ișu-ya- 'strive', may be derived from isu- 'arrow'; and nouns in -u are presupposed by ankū-yá- 'move tortuously', and stabhu-yá- 'stand firm'. a. In go-, the only stem in -o, the diphthong becomes -av before the denominative suffix: gav-yá- 'desire cows'. I From an assumed adjective derivative damana-. 2 Cp. DELBRÜCK 189, 4. 3 The Pada text wrongly ducchunayá-. 4 Cp. WHITNEY's note on AV. XIV. 274, 5 Which perhaps hecame an independent noun through the influence of the instru- mental form in such compounds as dhiya-júr- "growing old in devotion'. 6 Cp. GRASSMANN, s. v. krpay. 7 Cp. DELBRÜCK 199 (p. 217, middle). 8 DELBRÜCK, 1. c., regards naśāya- (X. 406) as a denominative, BR. as causative of nas-. 9 To be distinguished from vṛṣāyá- 'act like a bull'. 10 Cp. v. NEGELEIN 41 (middle). 11 From the reduplicated root s'press'. 1² According to Delbrück 205, p. 57, also duhiya- in the forms duhiyát and duhiyán (optatives GRASSMANN, Wörterbuch, and WHITNEY, Roots, s. V. duh). Cp. 450, a 5.
