I. ALLGEMEINES UND SPRACHE. 4. VEDIC GRAMMAR.
- dr-dhá- 'firm'; V druh-: drug-dhá- 'hurtful'; Vnah-: nad-dhá- 'bound'; Vmuh-:
mug-dhá- and mū-ḍhá- (AV.) ‘bewildered'; √rih- : rī-ḍhá- (RV.) ‘lickeď; √ruh-
- rū-dhá- (AV.) 'ascended'; Vsah- : sa-dhá- 'overcome'.
4°4 a. Occasional irregularities in the form of the root are not dne to the ordinary rules of internal Sandhi. Thus some roots show an interchange of vowel and semi-vowel: div- 'play': dyi-tá- (AV.); sīv- ‘sew' : syu-tá-; mi- 'push': -mūta- (VS. AV.) instead of
- myu-ta-1; hvy- 'make crooked' has hru-tá- 'crooked', beside the regular -huy-ta- (RV.);
sometimes a long vowel appears in the root: svad- 'sweeten' : svät-tá-; gur- 'greet': gur-tá-; śr- 'mix': -sir-ta-, beside śri-tá- from - 'mix', the usual form of the root; dā- give', beside the regular form -dā-ta- in tvá-dāta- (RV.) ‘given by thee', otherwise always has dat-tá-, formed from dad-, the weak form of the present base. 574 Roots which contain the syllables ya, ra, va (initial or medial) are generally weakened by Samprasarana; those which contain a nasal (medial or final), by dropping it; those which end in ā or yā, by shortening the former to 7 or i, the latter to 7. Thus: I. yaj- 'sacrifice': iş-tá-; vyadh- 'pierce': vid-dhá-; prach- 'ask': prs-țá-; bhras fall' bhrs-tá- beside bhraş-tá- (AV.); vac- 'speak': uk-tá-; vap- 'strew'
- up-tá-; vas- ‘shine': us-tá-; vah- 'carry': u-ḍhá-; svap- 'sleep': sup-tá-
(AV. VS.). u. A shortening akin to Samprasāraṇa appears in av- ‘favour' : -u-ta-; vā- 'weave': u-tá-; śra- boil': śr-tá- beside śra-tá-. 2. A medial nasal is dropped in añj- 'anoint' : ak-tá-; umbh- 'confine'
- ub-dhá-; dams 'bite': das-tá- (AV.); bamh- 'make firm': -ba-dha-; sundh-
'purify': sud-dhá-. Final n and m are dropped (the radical a representing the sonant nasal) in kşan- 'wound' : -kṣa-ta-; tan- 'stretch' :ta-tá-; man- 'think': ma-tá-; han- 'smite': ha-tá-; gam- 'go':ga-tá-; nam- 'bend' : na-tá-; yam- 'reach' :ya-tá-. a. A few roots in -an have à instead of -an²: khan- ‘dig' : khā-tá-; jan- 'be born' : jā-tá-; van- 'win' : -vã-ta-; san- 'gain': să-tá-; while some roots in -am and one in -an, retaining the nasal, have àn: dhvan- 'sound': dhvāntá- (VS. XXXIX. 7); kram- ‘stride' : krān-tá- (AV.); sam- be quiet'; san-tá- (AV.); śram- 'be weary': śrān-tá-; dham- blow' has the irregular dhmä-tá- and dham-i-tá-. 3. Final à is shortened to 7 in gã- 'sing': gĩ-tá-; dhā- ‘suck': dhi-tá-; pā- 'drink' pi-tá-3; to i in da 'bind' : -di-ta-; dha- 'put': -dhi-ta- and hi-tá-; mā- 'measure' : mi-tá-; śā- 'sharpen': si-tá-; sā- 'bind': si-tá-; sthā- 'stand' : sthi-tá-. Final yā is shortened to ī in jyā- 'overpower' : jí-tá- (AV.); vyā- 'envelope': vī-tá-; śyā- ‘coagulate': šī-tá-. a. Internal shortening of a to i appears in śās- 'order': siş-tá-; and medial a entirely disappears in ghas- 'eat' : -gdha- (TS.) and in the compounded form of dattá- 'given', which becomes -t-ta- . deva-ttá- 'given by the gods'; vy-a-tta- (AV. VS.), n. ‘the opened mouth'; pári-tta- (VS. IX. 9) 'deposited'; prati-tta- (AV.) 'given back'. The same syncopated form appears in the compound participle of da- 'divide': áva-tta- (VS.) 'cut off'. 575. When tá is added, as it is in many verbs, with connecting -i-, the root is not weakened (excepting four instances of Samprasāraṇa). It is thus added to a number of roots ending in consonants and to all second- ary verbs. a. The roots to which it is thus regularly added are those that end: I. in two consonants: thus uks 'sprinkle': uks-i-tá-; ubj- 'force' : ubj-i-tá- (AV.); nind- 'revile': nind-i-tá-; raks- 'protect': rakṣ-i-tá-; śumbh- 'beautify': -sumbh-i-ta- (AV.); hims- 'injure': hims-i-tá- (AV.); but taks- 'fashion' has tas-tá-; See above 50 b. 2 Representing the long sonant nasal. 3 The more correct way of stating these roots would be gai-, dhai-, pai-; cp. 27 a. 4 In grbh-i-tá- from grabh- 'seize' and grh- i-ta-(AV.) from grah- id.; ukṣ-i-tá- from vaks- increase'; ud-i-tá- from vad- 'speak'; syth- i-tá from śrath- 'slacken'.
