VIII. INDECLINABLES. ADVERBIAL PREPOSITIONS. 417 to his ordinance?"; yó devó mártyam áti (AV. xx. 1277) 'the god who (is) beyond mortals'. ádhi 'upon'. 597. The general meaning of ádhi in its adverbial use is upon', e. g. ádhi gam 'come upon', then 'find out', 'learn'. In adnominal use the proper sphere of ádhi is the locative, with which it is almost always connected. Here, however, there is sometimes an uncertainty whether the preposition belongs to the verb or the noun; e. g. nákasya prsthé ádhi tişthati (1. 1255) he stands upon the ridge of the firma- ment'. When referring to a person ádhi means beside', 'with' (from the notion of wielding sway over); e. g. yan, näsatyä, parāváti yád va sthó ádhi turváse (1. 477) 'when, O Nãsatyas, ye are at a distance or with Turvasa'. a. From the locative the use of ádhi extended to the ablative, with which it is less frequently connected. It then primarily has the compound sense 'from upon'; e. g. átah... á gahi divó va rocanád ádhi (1.69) 'thence come, or from the bright realm of heaven'. Often, however, the simple ablative meaning alone remains; e. g. hŕdayād ádhi (x. 163³) 'from the heart'; puruṣād ádhi (VS.XXXII. 2) 'from Puruşa'. A somewhat extended sense is occasionally found; e. g. yam ... kánva īdhá rtád ádhi (1. 36¹¹) ‘whom Kaņva kindled (proceeding from ) in accordance with sacred order'; má panír bhur asmád ádhi (1. 33³) ‘be not niggardly with regard to us'. = b. From the locative the use of ádhi further spread to the accusative, though in a very limited way, to express the sphere on or over which an action extends; e. g. prthú prátīkam ádhy edhe agnih (vII. 36¹) ‘Agni has been kindled over the broad surface. Otherwise, when taking the accusative in the sense of 'upon' with verbs of motion, ádhi nearly always belongs to the verb. a. In the RV. only, ádhi is used seven times with the (following) instrumental singular or plural of snú- 'height', to express motion along and over- across'; e. g. cakrám .. ádhi snúnû brhatá vártamānam (IV. 28²) 'the wheel rolling across the mighty height'. This is probably to be explained as the instrumental of the space (by =) through which motion takes place (e. g. vắto an!árikṣeṇa yāti 'the wind goes through the air', 1. 161¹4), the preposition that regularly means 'upon' being added to define the action as taking place ‘over' as well as 'along'. The VS. has the regular locative of snú- with ádhi: prthivyá ádhi snúşu (XVII. 14) ‘on the heights of the earth'. ánu 'after'. 598. In its adverbial use ánu primarily means ‘after', e. g. dnu i- ‘go after', 'follow'; from this fundamental sense are developed various modifications such as 'along', 'through'. In its adnominal use ánu takes the accusative only. When the influence of the verb is still felt, it means 'after', 'along', 'throughout'; e. g. párā me yanti dhītáyo gắvo ná gávyūtīr ánu (1.25¹) 'my prayers go abroad like kine (seeking) after pastures'; úpa prá yanti dhītáyaḥ rtásya pathyà ánu (III. 127) 'forth go my prayers along the paths of sacred order'; yát páñca mánuṣāṁ ánu nymnám (VIII. 9²) 'the might which (exists) throughout the five peoples'; similarly prthivim ánu (VS. XIII. 6) 'throughout the earth', vánaspátīmr ánu (VS. xIII. 7) 'in all trees', pradisó 'nu (VS. XXXII. 4) 'throughout the regions'. When used in closer connexion with nouns ánu expresses: a. sequence in time: 'after' or (with plurals) 'throughout'; e. g. púrvām ánu práyatim (1. 1265) ‘after the first presentment'; ánu dyún 'throughout the days' 'day after day'. b. conformity: 'after' = 'in accordance with'; e. g. svám ánu vratám (1 128) 'according to his own ordinance'; amŕtām ánu (VS. 1v. 28) 'after the Indo-arische Philologie. I. 4. 27
