1. ALLGEMEINES UND SPRACHE. 4. VEDIC GRAMMAR. contiguity is often coupled with the idea of subordination or inferiority; e. g. úpa sad- 'sit down close to', 'approach reverentially'; upa ās- ‘sit under',' adore'. In its adnominal use úpa is most frequently connected with the accu- sative (which it more often precedes than follows) in the sense of 'to'; e. g. á yahi .. úpa bráhmāṇi vāghátaḥ (1. 35) 'come to the prayers of the wor- shipper'. 420 a. It is also used (about half as frequently in the RV.) before the locative in the sense of 'beside', 'upon', 'at': yá úpa súrye (1. 23¹7) 'who (are) beside the sun'; úpa dyávi (upon =) up to the sky' (from below); úpa jmánn úpa vetasé áva tara (VS. xvII. 6 MS. II. 10¹) 'descend upon the earth, upon the reed'. = a. Quite exceptionally (only three times) úpa occurs in the RV. with the (following) instrumental. In two passages it expresses sequence of time in the phrase úpa dyúbhis (v. 533; VIII. 408) 'day by day'. Once it expresses conformity: yásmai vişnus trini padá vicakramá úpa mitrásya dhármabhiḥ (Vāl. Iv³) for whom Vişnu strode forth his three steps in accordance with the ordinances of Mitra'. These abnormal senses of úpa are parallel to those of ánu (598 a, b), and the construction to that of ádhi (597 a). tirás 'across'. 605. Adverbially tirás is used in the sense of 'aside', but only with the two verbs dhā- 'put' and bhū- 'be', in the Samhitās'; thus tiró dhā- ‘put aside', 'conceal'; tiró bhu- 'disappear'; e. g. ajakāvám tiró dadhe (VII. 50¹) 'I put away the scorpion'; má tiró 'bhūt (AV. VIII. 17) 'may it not disappear. Adnominally tirás is used fairly often in the RV., and a few times in the AV., in the sense of 'across', 'over', 'through', 'past', with (nearly always before) the accusative²; e. g. á yé tanvánti raśmíbhis tiráḥ samudrám (1.198) 'who spread with their rays across the ocean'; náyanti duritá tiráḥ (1.41³) 'they lead him through (so as to escape) dangers'; tiró víśvam árcato yahy arváň (x. 89¹) 'come hither past (leaving behind) all singers'. a. Figuratively tirás occasionally means 'contrary to'; e. g. devánām cit tiró vásam (x. 1714) 'even against the will of the gods'; yó no .. tiráś cittáni jighamsati (vII. 598) who desires to slay us contrary to expectations' (- 'un- awares'), yó no.. tiráh satyáni.. jighamsat (TS. IV. 3. 133) 'who may desire to slay us contrary to oaths'. pári ‘around'. 606. In its adverbial use pári generally means 'around', e. g. pári i- 'go around'; figuratively it also means 'completely', e. g. pári vid- 'know fully' (сp. лépi оide). Its adnominal use starts from the accusative, with which case it is, however, not very commonly connected. Here, too, it is not always certain that the preposition does not belong to the verb. It nearly always immedia- tely precedes the accusative in the sense of 'around', 'about'; e. g. pári dyám anyád īyate (1.30¹9) 'the other (wheel) goes around the sky'. The following is one of the two instances in which pári comes after the accusative 3 : havāmahe śraddhám madhyámdinam pári (x.1515) we invoke Sraddhā (about =) at noon¹4. a. Its use then extends to the ablative, with which it is much more frequently connected. Here it has primarily the compound sense of 'from around'; e. g. divás pári (1. 47°) 'from the sky (which is) around'; támasas pári (1. 50¹0) 'from the surrounding darkness'. The original meaning (as in ¹ In the ŚB. and later tirás is used with ky- 'do' also. 2 It is found at least once in the AV. (XII. 339) and occasionally in the SB. in the sense of 'away from' without the know- ledge of'. 3 Cp. GRASSMANN, s. v. pári, 784 (bottom). 4 Like the German preposition ‘um'.
