422 I. ALLGEMEINES UND SPRACHE. 4. VEDIC GRAMMAR. adhás 'below'. 610. With the accusative adhás occurs only once in the RV., in the sense of 'below': tisráḥ pṛthivír adhó astu (VII. 104") 'may he be below the three earths. It is also found once with the ablative (or genitive) in the same sense: adháh padiḥ (x.166²) 'below (my) feet'. The latter use also occurs once in the SV. and once in the AV.: yé te pántha adhó diváḥ (SV. 1. 2. 2. 38) 'thy paths which are below the sky'; adhás te áśmano manyúm upāsyāmasi yo gurúḥ (AV. vI. 42²) ‘we cast thy fury under a stone that (is) heavy'. antará 'between'. 611. This word occurs five times in the RV. with a following accu- sative in the sense of 'between', e. g. antará dámpati 'between husband and wife'. It also occurs a few times in the AV. and VS. before duals; e. g. antará dyávāpṛthiví 'between heaven and earth'. abhitas 'around'. 612. This adverb is employed in a few passages of the RV. and AV. in the sense of 'around' with the accusative; e. g. sáro ná pūrṇám abhíto vádantaḥ (VII. 1037) 'talking as round a brimful lake'; yé devá rāṣṭrabhŕto 'bhíto yánti súryam (AV. XIII. 135) 'the kingdom-bearing gods who go around the sun'. avás 'down from'. 613. In the RV. avás occurs four times with the ablative (cp. áva) in the sense of 'down from'; e. g. aváh súryasya byhatáḥ púrīṣāt (x. 27²¹) 'down from the vast misty region of the sun'. It is further employed four or five times with the instrumental; e. g. avó divá patảyantam patamgám (1. 1635) 'a bird flying down from heaven'. The latter use seems to be analogous to that of adhi with the instrumental (597 a). upári 'above'. 614. This adverb occurs three times in the RV. after the accusative in the sense of 'above', 'beyond'; e. g. tisráḥ prthivír upári (1. 34°) 'above the three earths'. It is also found once with the instrumental in the combi- nation bhúmyopári, i. e. bhúmya upári (x. 75³) 'beyond the earth'. It is, however, more likely that here we have an irregular euphonic combination for bhúmya[h] upári and that the case governed by the preposition is the genitive. This would account for the frequent use of upári with the genitive in the later language, while the instrumental would be unique. rté 'without'. 615. This word is used fairly often in the RV., and occasionally in the later Samhitas, before or after the ablative (sometimes separated from it) in the sense of 'without'; e. g. ná rté tvát kriyate kim caná (x. 1129) 'without thee nothing is done'; yébhyo ná 'rté pávate dhama kim caná (TS. iv. 6.14 VS. XVII. 14) 'without whom no dwelling is purified'. = 'smád) disappear in C., there is nevertheless * See GRASSMANN, s. v. upári; cp. above in the later language a large increase in p. 65 (top). their numbers, greatly supplemented by the 2 In origin an old locative. On some periphrastic use of nouns and by the pre- other words representing old case-forms, positional gerunds. Cp. SPEIJER, Vedische used prepositionally (arvák etc.), cp. WHIT- und Sanskrit-Syntax 89-93. ´NEY 1128.
