I. PHONOLOGY. THE BREATHING h. 51 meghá- cloud'; mühyati 'is perplexed': mugdhá- gone astray', mógha- ‘vain’; rámhi- 'speed' : raghi- 'swift'; háras- and gharmá- 'heat'; harmye-şthá- and gharmye-sṭhā- 'dwelling in the house'; hrșitá- ‘glaď: ghŕşu- 'joyful', ghŕsvi- 'gladdening'. In áhi- 'serpent' and duhitý- daughter' the guttural origin of his shown by cognate languages ¹. b. h represents the old palatal aspirate (= IIr. zh): a. when, either as a final or before t, it is replaced by a cerebral (like the old palatals and j = IIr. ); e. g. vah- 'carry': á-vāt, 3. sing. aor. guh- 'conceal': gūḍhá-² 'concealed'; trháti 'crushes': trḍhá-3; dŕmhati 'makes; firm', drhyati is firm': drahá- 'firm'; bahi- 'abundant': badhá- 'aloud'; mih- 'make water': méḍhra- (AV.) ‘penis'; riháti 'licks' : réḍhi ‘licks', rīḍha- ‘licked'; váhati 'carries': vódhum 'to carry', udhá- 'carried'; sáhate 'overcomes': sádhr- 'victor'. 2 s ß. when it is followed by sounds which do not palatalize gutturals 4, before which dh and bh do not become h, and before which the other old palatals and j (-) appear; thus ámhas- and amhati- 'distress' because of amhi 'narrow'; áhan- 'day', because of áhnām, g. pl., and purvāhná- 'forenoon' (not ghn as in ghnanti from han); jéhamana-5 'panting', because of jihmá- 'oblique'; bahu 'arm'; bráhman- n. 'devotion', brahmán- 'one who prays'; rahú- (AV.), demon of eclipse; yahvá-, yahvánt- 'ever young', because of yahu, id. This applies to all words beginning with hữ, hr-, hn-, hr-, hv; e. g. hu- 'pour'; hrd- and hŕdaya- 'heart'; -hraya- 'ashamed'; -hva-, hi- 'call'; hur be crooked'. 7. when the 'satem' languages have a corresponding voiced spirant (zor ž)6; thus ahám ‘ľ; ehá- (AV.) 'desirous'; garhate 'complains of'; dih- 'besmear'; plīhán- (AV. VS.) 'spleen'; barhis- 'sacrificial straw'; mah- 'great'; varahá- 'boar'; sahásra- 'thousand'; simhá- 'lion'; sprh- 'desire'; hamsá- 'goose'; hánu- 'jaw'; hi- 'impeľ'; hemán- 'zeal', hetí- 'weapon'; háya- 'steed'; hári- and hárita- tawny'; háryati 'likes'; hásta 'hand'; ha 'forsake'; hayaná- (AV.) 'year'; hi 'for'; himá- 'cold'; hiranya- 'gold'; hirắ- (AV. VS.) ‘vein'; hims- 'injure'; hesas- 'wound'; hr 'take'; hyás 'yesterday'7. 8. h according to the evidence of cognate languages, represents other palatals in some words. Thus in hyd- 'heart', 'IE. would be expected; and j = IE. & in ahám 'T', mahant- 'great', hánu- jaw', hásta- 'hand', hva-, hu- § 'call'. These irregularities are probably due to IE. dialectic variations 8. 2. h also represents dh and bh not infrequently, and dh at least once. a. It takes the place of dh in four or five roots (with nominal derivatives) and in a few nominal and verbal suffixes. Thus it appears initially in hitá-, -hiti-, beside -dhita-, dhiti-, from dha- 'put'. Medially it is found in gáhate 'plunges' (with the derivatives gāhá- 'depth', gáhana- 'deep', dur-gáha- 'impassable place') beside gādhá- 'ford'; róhati 'rises', 'grows' (with the derivatives rüh- 'growth', róhana- 'means of ascending', róhas- 'elevation') beside ródhati 'grows' (with the derivatives vi-rúdh- 'creeper', -ródha- 'growing', ródhas- 'bank', ā-ródhana- 'ascent'); derivatives of *rudh- 'be red': rohit-, róhita-, ¹ Cp. WACKERNAGEL I, 214 b. 2 That is for *guzdhá (through guzh-tá- for gugh-tá-), the cerebral z disappearing but leaving the vowel long. 3 Cp. 12 and 17, 5. 4 See above 41, 2. 5 See WHITNEY, Roots, under jeh; and CP. 4I &, 2. 6 This includes several examples given under a aud f. 7 Perhaps also in has- 'laugh' and ha- go', as these verbs have no forms with gh; also nah- bind' in spite of nad-dhá-. In several words the origin of the is un- certain, e. g. jangahe 'struggles', as the evidence is doubtful. 8 See WACKERNAGEL I, 216 b; for a few doubtful examples, ibid. 216 a, note.
