III. ACCENT. NORMAL ACCENTUATION OF WORDS. 81 2 abnormal accentuation súnas etc. instead of the regular accentuation *sunás etc. prevailing in monosyllabic stems (93). Or the final Svarita is thrown back as an Udatta on the preceding syllable: thus mitrya- 'friendly', beside mitryà-¹. In some Vedic words, however, the only accent which is written is the 'independent' Svarita, by the native phoneticians called the 'genuine' (jātya) ² or also the 'invariable' (nitya). Always following a y or v. it is, however, just as much due to a preceding Udätta (lost by the change of i and ž to y and v), as the dependent Svarita is; e. g. kvà (= kúà) 'where?"; svar (= súar, TS. sivar) 'light'; rathyàm (= rathiàm, from rathí ‘charioteer'); tanzàm ( (= tanuàm from tanú- body'); ok-yà- (= ok-ià-) 'belonging to home'; vasav-yà- (- vasav-ià-) 'wealthy'. In reading the RV. the original vowel with its Udatta must be restored except in a very few late passages ³. a. Double accent. Contrary to the general rule that a word has a single accent only, a certain class of infinitives and a special type of compounds have a double accent4. The infinitives in -tavai, of which more than a dozen examples occur, accent both the first and the last syllable; e. g. é-tavái 'to go', ápa-bhartavái 'to take away'. The Udatta on the final syllable is probably to be explained as a secondary accent like that of the SB. in intensives and compounds (bálbalíti, éka-catvārimśát, cp. 84, 4 d), where an accent at the beginning of a word is counterbalanced by another at the end. A good many compounds of a syntactical type, in which both members are duals in form or in which the first member is nearly always a genitive in form, accent both members; e. g. mitrá-váruṇā 'Mitra and Varuna', byhas-páti- 'Lord of prayer's. b. Lack of accent. Contrary to the general rule that every word is accented, some words never have an accent, while others lose their accent under special conditions. 1. The following are invariably enclitic: a. pronouns: tva- 'another'; sama- 'some'; ena- 'he', 'she'6; me, D. G., 'of or to me'; mã, A., 'me'; nau, du. A. D. G., 'us two', etc.; nas, A. D. G., 'us', etc.; te, D. G., 'of or to thee'; tva, A., 'thee'; vām, A. D. G., 'ye two', etc.; vas, A. D. G., 'you', etc.; īm, sīm ‘him', 'her', 'it', 'them', etc.; kis 'some one' in ná-kis, má-kis 'no one'; kīm in á-kīm 'from', ná-kim, má-kīm 'never'. ß. particles: ca 'and'; u 'on the other hand'; va 'or'; iva 'like', 'as it were'; kam 'indeed' (after nú, sú, hí); gha, ha 'just' (emphasizing); cid ‘at all'; bhala 'indeed'; sama-ha 'somehow'; sma 'just', 'indeed' (almost invariably with the present tense); svid 'probably'. 2. The following classes of forms or individual words are subject to loss of accent according to their position or function in the sentence: a. vocatives, unless beginning the sentence or Pāda. 6. finite verbs, in principal clauses, unless beginning the sentence or Pada. 7. all oblique cases formed from the demonstrative pronoun a-, when used merely to replace a preceding substantive, and not occurring at the beginning of a sentence or Pāda; e. g. asya jánimāni ‘his (i. e. Agni's) births' (but asyá uşásaḥ ‘of that Dawn'). 1 Cp. the accentuation of the SB., 84, 4 b. In Panini's system of accentuation this tendency went still further; thus V. viryà- (= vīria-), becomes in C. virya-; and the gerundive in -tavyà (= -tavia) appears in C. as -távya also. 2 RPr. III. 4, VPr. I. III f.; cp. HAUG 75. Indo-arische Philologie. I. 4. 3 Cp. BENFEY, Gött. Abhandlungen 27, 31 ff. 4 In the Brāhmaṇas also the particle vává- 5 See below, on the accentuation of compounds, 91. 6 The A. sing. f. occurs once (VIII. 619) accented at the beginning of a Pada as enám. 6
