not, as most people mistakenly believed, to protect the
convoy from submarines, but to protect it from any
surface German raider that might have escaped into the
high seas. The Allied navies constantly had before their
minds the exploits of the Emden; the opportunity to
break up a convoy in mid-ocean by dare-devil enterprises
of this kind was so tempting that it seemed altogether
likely that Germany might take advantage of it. To
send twenty or thirty merchant ships across the Atlantic
with no protection against such assaults would have
been to invite a possible disaster. As a matter of fact, the
last German raider that even attempted to gain the high
seas was sunk in the North Sea by the British Patrol
Squadron in February, 1917.
On the appointed day the whole convoy weighed anchor and silently slipped out to sea. To such spectators as observed its movements it seemed to be a rather limping, halting procession. The speed of a convoy was the speed of its slowest ship, and vessels that could easily make twelve or fourteen knots were obliged to throttle down their engines, much to the disgust of their masters, in order to keep formation with a ship that made only eight or ten; though whenever possible vessels of nearly equal speed sailed together. Little in the newly assembled group suggested the majesty of the sea. The ships formed a miscellaneous and ill-assorted company, rusty tramps shamefacedly sailing alongside of spick-and-span liners; miserable little two- or three-thousand ton ships attempting to hold up their heads in the same company with other ships of ten or twelve. The whole mass was sprawled over the sea in most ungainly fashion ; twenty or thirty ships, with spaces of nine hundred or a thousand yards stretching between them, took up not far from ten square miles of the ocean surface. Neither at this stage of the voyage did the aggregation give the idea of efficiency. It presented about as desirable a target as the submarine could have desired. But the period taken in crossing the ocean was entirely devoted to education. Under the tutorship of the convoy commander, the men composing the twenty or thirty crews went every day to school. For fifteen or twenty days upon the broad Atlantic they were trained in all the evolutions which were necessary for coping with the submarine. Every possible situation
