little, owing to the rapidity of their movements. The disaster, moreover, left the way open to Mexico, toward its weakest point; with the additional advantage to the enemy of turning the dangerous southern outworks, although Scott neglected this opportunity.
And now for a way among the discomfited officers to shift the responsibility each from his own shoulders. As Valencia prudently kept aloof,[1] Santa Anna could direct the torrent of indignation against him for a time. Salas again sought to extol himself at the expense of Torrejon, the cavalry leader.
Santa Anna claims to have been preparing to advance toward Padierna when fugitives brought him news of the disaster. He at once fell back on Churubusco, ordering Bravo, who commanded the line at San Antonio, to retire also toward the capital. These movements were timely, for the Americans were coming up in hot pursuit. Worth's division, which had occupied Coapan a short distance in advance of the
- ↑ Santa Anna threatened to shoot him. He collected some fugitives and issued from Toluca a partial defence. Roa Bárcena, ubi sup., 341-2.
brigades were Smith, Riley, and Cadwalader in the rear, Pierce in front, and Shields at San Gerónimo. Semmes, Campaign, 269, 279, condemns the fight on the 19th as a needless waste of blood, and attributes to Smith's plans and execution the victory of the 20th; and Ripley, War with Mex., ii. 296, 305, etc., claimş for Pillow the chief credit, while objecting to Scott's orders for road-making in face of the intrenchments. Their quibbles rest on inadequate reasons, however. It appears conceded that the pedregal had to be crossed, and evidently by the path followed, in order to avoid a costly front attack on the southern outworks. This crossing became the more necessary after Santa Anna's advance, so as to prevent a junction of Mexican forces in the rear. The crossing led unavoidably to a conflict with Valencia, which again demanded the movement to his rear conducted by Smith, but for which Riley had paved the way on the preceding afternoon. As for the Mexican plans, Valencia undoubtedly took the right course in seeking to check the flank movement by Padierna; but this does not excuse his disobedience and many blunders, such as neglecting his rear, the summit of the hill, the pedregal with its excellent skirmishing ground, and so forth. Still the cause for defeat lies primarily in Santa Anna's retreat. Mansfield shows that the actual conflict began at 6 a. m. and lasted 17 minutes; by 8 a. m. pursuit was over. Mex. War, 255, 260. Scott asserts that 4,500 Americans were engaged. Mem., ii. 481. See also Gamboa, Impug., 41-7, condemning Santa Anna; Rayon, Asedio, 39-112; Dicc. Univ., x. 106-13, etc.; Mex. War, by English Soldier, 234-50; Jenkins' Mex. War, 334-73; Harrison's Battle-fields, 374-90; McSherry, El Puchero, 71-81.
