the man in the ranks has usually little chance to
decide whether the war is defensive or offensive,
righteous or wrong. He is called upon to put life
and limb in jeopardy. He responds, sometimes
willingly with uplifted soul and high resolve, persuaded that he is under Divine command; sometimes by compulsion and by the iron of discipline.
In all cases he has by every nation been given
credit; and certainly the man who voluntarily lays
down his life for a cause which he has been led to
believe is righteous deserves public esteem, although the world may weep at his ignorance and
blindness.
From the beginning America was involved in war because it was born in a day of war. First, there were wars, mostly of aggression but partly of self-defense, against the Indians. Then there was a series of wars which were but colonial echoes of European brawls. Next the United States fought to make itself independent of the economic suzerainty of England. After that came the conquest of Mexico and the war for the Union which resolved itself in a war against slavery, and finally the Spanish War and the great World War.
In all these wars the Negro has taken part. He cannot be blamed for them so far as they were unrighteous wars (and some of them were un-
