in Nanking and Hu Han-ming left the position of Tutuh to become chief secretary to the President. Ch'en Chiung-ming became Acting Tutuh. In July 1912 Hu Han-ming returned to Canton and was elected Tutuh of Kuangtung. General Ch'en was entrusted with the work of reorganizing the troops and in December 1912 he was appointed by the Peking government the Hu-Chun-Shih, or Director of Military Affairs, of Kuangtung under the Tutuh. In June 1913 Hu Han-ming was appointed Pacification Commissioner to Tibet and General Ch'en succeeded his as Tutuh of Kuangtung. In July 1913 General Ch'en declared independence in Kuangtung in response to the Second Revolution in defiance of Yuan Shih-klai. In August 1913 General Ch'en fled from Canton when the Revolution had proved a failure and the Peking government had appointed General Lung Chi-kuang to the post of Tutuh of Kuangtung. General Ch'en stayed in the South Sea Islands for several years. General Ch'en returned to Canton in 1915 when Yuan Shih-kai had launched his monarchical movement. He participated in the several attempts to recover Kuomingtang's power in Kuangtung. In June 1917 the First Parliament was for the second time dissolved in Peking. Kuangtung and Kuangsi immediately declared independence. General Ch'en accompanied Dr. Sun Yat-sen to Canton when the latter commenced his constitutional struggle against Peking. A new government in which Sun Yat-sen, Tang Shao-i and Wu Ting-fang took the leading role, was formed there. The ex-Parliamentarians proceeded to Canton and in August 1917 the Extraordinary Parliament was inaugurated. In May 1918 a military government of seven directors, Dr. Sun Yat-sen, late Dr. Wu Ting-fang, Admiral Ling Pao-h’si. T’sen Chun-hsuan, Tang. Shao-i, General Lu Yung-ting and General Tang Chi-yao-was establish at Canton. General Ch'en was given the portfolio of War. Subsequently he was ordered to lead an expeditionary force to Fukien in order to assist the Fukien Constitutionalists to be independent of Peking, but he only reached Changchow, Fukien, remaining in his occupied territory until the summer of 1920. At one time most of the Southern and South-Western Provinces were in revolt against Peking, and in sympathy with Canton. Soon, however, quarrels occurred among the Southern leaders. In the spring of 1920 Sun Yat-sen and his associates were ousted from power by the Kuangsi faction under General Lu Yung-ting, and his nominee, Mo Jung-hsin, assumed control of Kuangtung. In summer of 1920 General Ch'en received Sun Yat-sen's order from Shanghai to send his forces to wedge an attack on Kuangtung to oust the Kuangsi regime. General Ch'on arrived at Canton early in November 1920, after General Mo Jung-hsin had cleared the way for him. In December 1920 Sun Yat-sen, and his associates returned to Canton again. In April 1921 Sun Yat-sen was elected by the Extraordinary Parliament the President of China. General Ch'en was appointed Civil Governor of Kuangtung and concurrently Commander-in-Chief of the Kuangtung Troops. Subsequently General Ch'en personally led the Cantonese expedition against the Kuangsi militarists. In August 1921, he disarmed the best equipped soldiers in Kuangsi and refused to assume any military or civil office in that province and returned to Canton, leaving the province of Kuangsi to Kuangsi people. During the winter 1921-22 a military and
