General Chang Huai-chih
張懷芝字子志
General Chang Huai-chih was born at Tung-a Hsien, Shantung province, in 1860. He began his military career as Adjutant Aide-de-Camp to the late Yuan Shih-kai. In 1905 General Chang became Commander of the Defence Forces at Shanhaikuan. In 1908 he was sent to Japan to witness the Grand Manoeuver, Upon his return to China he joined the Peiyang First Division. After several promotions, he became Commander of the Shantung Fifth Division stationed at Tinafu. Shortly before the establishment of the Republic, his division was transferred to Tientsin. After the First Revolution, General Chang was appointed Defence Commision of Tientsin. Later he was transferred to be Defence Commissioner of Paotingfu, from which position he resigned in the middle of 1914. In September 1915 General Chang was appointed Tutung of Charhar Special
