4io] C H A a cement intended to serve as a substitute for putty, &c. — He con- jointly employs metallic, earthy, carbonaceous, bituminous, and mu- cilaginous substances, together with desiccative oils. In preparing this compound, the hard matters are previously reduced to a fine pow- der, while those susceptible of a liquid form, are melted on the tire : the pulverized substances are then gradually added to the liquid, con- stantly agitating the whole, while under the adion of heat. Thus prepared, the mass is exposed to cool and harden j in which state it is kept for use. Before, however, the cement can be applied, it must be broken into small pieces, and liquified with a portion of tallow, or other unSuous matter : — according tx) Mr. D, it is perhaps more capa- ble of intimate and powerful adhe- sion, than any other cement hitherto contrived. — A minute specification of this patent is published in the l6lh vol. of the " Repertory cf Arts" &c. CHAFER. — ^This pernicious fa- mily of inse6ts may be effedually destroyed, while in the state of grubs, by encouraging ihe propa- gation of moles. For the disco- very of this important fa6V, we are indebted to Edwakd Jones, Esq. ■who relates it in the 19th vol. of the " Transadiions of the Socicli/ for ihe Encouragement of Arts," &c. He observes that, by proteding the race of moles, the cock-chafers have gradually decreased in his neigh- bourhood, so that they are now rarely seen on his estate ; because the grubs afford a favourite food to those subterraneous little quadru- peds. CHAFFINCH, or FringUla cce- Uls, L. a small beautiful bird, abounding in Britain, aud in various CHA parts of Europe : it is chiefly valued for the variety and melody of its song. Chaffinches construft their nests in hedges and trees ; where the fe- male lays four or five dusky white egg<5, spotted with deep purple } and produces three broods within a year. — ^They are hardy birds, and will subsist on various seeds, but prefer chaff, whence they derive their name. These creatures,, though seldom attacked with dis- ease, are apt to be infested with lice, unless sprinkled with wine, every fortnight or oftener. — ^The Essex finches are generally allowed to be the best sort, both for the con- tinuance and diversity of their notes. CHAPS, arc flaws or cracks which appear on the skin, and arc induced by various circumstances. Chaps in the face generally pro- ceed from the a«^tion of external cold ; which, by impeding the per- spiration of this part, or contra(3ing the fibres unequally, causes them to be drawn asunder ; so that a fis- sure succeeds, which produces very uneasy sensations ; and is often at- tended with acute pain. In order to prevent or remove such chaps, the face ought never to be suddenly exi>osed to the cold air, atter leav- ing the fire-side, or a %'arm roon) : nor should such part be waslicd with common soap. Previously to retiring to bed, it may be anointed with unscented pomatum, which should not be removed till the fol- lowing morning ; or honey-water may be preferably applied, and suffered to dry j care t>eing taken to cleanse the part firom dust aiid other impurities. Chaps in the lips, frequently arise from the same cause as those of the face 3 though the former sometimes Of cur
