Primary Lessons in Swatow Grammar/Lesson XV

by William Ashmore

Conjunctions.

---

And— íⁿ-ki̍p, pẽng, kah, kũa.

kaⁿ íⁿ-ki̍p keng-chie kāng-chîⁿ saⁿ-peh-chîⁿ,

oranges and bananas together were three-hundred cash.

che̍k-kâi-ngṳ̂n pẽng-chîⁿ sì-sek,

a dollar and forty cents.

bói-gô kah-chiah-koi,

buy a goose and a fowl.

i bōi che̍k-bóu-chhân kah-kũa che̍k-kò-hn̂g,

he sold an acre of watered land and a piece of unwatered.

Also—iā-ũ iā-bô,

also have, also have not.

õ, lṳ́ iā-tàⁿ i-kâi-ūe,

O, you also are talking his words.

nâng gō-sí, cheng-seⁿ iā-gō-sí,

the men starve to death and the stock also starve to death.

As, so—chhin-chhiẽⁿ, jû, pêng, àn.

jû-lṳ́ só-tàⁿ,

as you say.

pêng-lṳ́ só-tàⁿ,

as you say.

chò-sṳ̄ jû-siêⁿ,

(he) acts as he always does.

ji̍t che̍k-ē-lo̍h uá chiũ-ji̍p-siâⁿ,

as the sun set I entered the city.

jû...chièⁿ-seⁿ,

as...so.

àn...chièⁿ-seⁿ,

as...so.

àn-lṳ́ só-chò che̍k-iēⁿ,

the same as you do.

Because—uân-in, in-tì, in-ũi-tie̍h.

uân-in hièⁿ-kú bô-hõu,

because for so long there was no rain.

in-tì nõⁿ-nâng bô-hûa-mo̍k,

because the two men were not at peace.

in-ũi-tie̍h si̍h-pńg,

because he lost his capital.

uân-in chò-nî,

because of what? Why so?

Both—liáng-kâi, jī-ke.

liáng-kâi chhou-chhou,

both are coarse.

jī-ke sie-mēⁿ,

both are quarrelling.

nõ-nâng pêⁿ-pêⁿ-jiáng,

the two men were alike wrangling.

pí-chhṳ́ tie̍h-sūn kui-kṳ́,

both must follow the custom.

If—a-sĩ, jia̍k-sĩ, tiāⁿ-sĩ, nāⁿ-sĩ.

mn̂g a-sĩ bô-khui chiũ-hó tńg--lâi,

the door, if it is not open, then you may come back.

a-sĩ chièⁿ-seⁿ,

if it is like that.

jia̍k-sĩ chièⁿ-seⁿ,

if it„ is like„ that.„

tiāⁿ-sĩ chièⁿ-seⁿ,

if certainly so.

nãⁿ-sĩ chièⁿ-seⁿ,

if it is so.

Whether, or—a, ho̍k, ho̍k-chiá.

lṳ́ nāⁿ-chí thóiⁿ-ũ a-bô,

you stay here and see (whether) they have or not.

i bô-lâi,

m̄-chai i sĩ-pēⁿ a-sĩ m̄-ôiⁿ, he does not come, I don't know whether he is ill, or whether he hasn’t leisure.

ho̍k-ũ,

ho̍k-bô, bô-chhiet-iàu, whether he has or not is of no consequence.

bô-lũn sĩ-ta-pou chṳ-niêⁿ,

no matter whether man or woman.

m̄-kuán-i sĩ-tōa a-sĩ-sòi,

no matter whether it is large or small.

But, although—sui-sĩ, sui-jiên, tãn-sĩ, chóng-sĩ.

sui-jiên-sĩ uá m̄-káⁿ siang-sìn--i,

but although it is so I dare not believe him.

tãn-sĩ ũi-hõu mài-khṳ̀,

but if it rains don’t go.

chóng-sĩ chí-kâi-sṳ̄ uá chò-m̄-pat tò-khṳ̀,

but this business is something I don’t know how to do, (or, never did).

Yet—huân.

huân-iáu-ũ,

huân-liáu-ũ, yet there are (more).

būe-chêng-ũ,

not yet have.

huân-iáu-būe,

still yet they have not.

huân-liáu būe-ũ-nâng-lâi,

and still yet no one has come.

Therefore—kù-chhṳ́, só-íⁿ, só-íⁿ-chiá.

Than—nî-hùe chōi-kùe-i,

years more than his.

iàⁿ-kùe-i; kiêⁿ-kùe-i,

better than he.

Lest—khióng-phàⁿ, khióng-ùi, kiaⁿ-ùi.

On the contrary—i bô-sie-hũ, tin-tò chó-chí,

he did not assist, on the contrary he hindered.

Except—tṳ̂-tiāu chí-che̍k-kiãⁿ, uá chiũ káⁿ-tam-sêng--i,

excepting this one thing, I can venture to be security for him.

Then, thereupon—chiũ; jiên-ãu.

íⁿ-ãu,

after that.

buah-hún chiũ-õi-ngiá,

rub on powder and then it will be beautiful.

chhiù-sua chiũ-õi-pe̍h,

scour it with sand and then it can be white.

kàu-hṳ́-chôiⁿ kâi-hieⁿ-lí chiũ-sĩ,

when you reach that village before you, then it is (the matter spoken of).

bô-o̍h chiũ-bõi,

(if you) don’t learn, then you can’t.

liēn-kùe chiũ-õi,

when you have practised it then you can.