Sonshi/The Nine Situations
VIII.
THE NINE SITUATIONS.
Son the Master said:—
In general, the procedure of war is:—the General, having received orders from his lord, assembles the army.
Do not camp on marshy, or low lying ground; enter into friendly relations with neighbouring states; do not linger at a distance from the base; be prepared in mountainous and wooded country; when reduced to the last extremity, fight.
The general who knows the Nine Situations understands the use of troops; on the contrary, he who does not understand them, can make no use of his topographical knowledge.
In the management of armies, if the art of the Nine Situations be not understood, a knowledge of the Five Advantages is of no avail.
The wise man perceives clearly wherein lies advantage and disadvantage. While recognising an opportunity, he does not overlook the risks, and saves future anxiety.
In reducing an enemy to submission, inflict all possible damage upon him; make him undertake useless adventures; also make neighbouring rulers depend on your good offices.
Wherefore in the conduct of war do not depend on the enemy’s not coming, but rely on your own preparations; do not count on the enemy not attacking your fortress, but leave nothing undefended.
Generals must be on their guard against these five dangerous faults:—
Blind impetuosity, which leads to death.
Over cautiousness, which leads to capture.
Quick temper, which brings insult.
A too rigid propriety, which invites disgrace.
Over regard for the troops, which causes inconvenience.
With a view to their avoidance, these five dangers must be borne in mind.