The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 3/Lectures from Colombo to Almora/Vedantism
VEDANTISM
At Khetri on 20th December 1897, Swami Vivekananda delivered a lecture on
Vedantism in the hall of the Maharaja's bungalow in which he lodged with his
disciples. The Swami was introduced by the Raja, who was the president of
the meeting; and he spoke for more than an hour and a half. The Swami was at
his best, and it was a matter of regret that no shorthand writer was present
to report this interesting lecture at length. The following is a summary
from notes taken down at the time:
Two nations of yore, namely the Greek and the Aryan placed in different
environments and circumstances — the former, surrounded by all that was
beautiful, sweet, and tempting in nature, with an invigorating climate, and
the latter, surrounded on every side by all that was sublime, and born and
nurtured in a climate which did not allow of much physical exercise —
developed two peculiar and different ideals of civilization. The study of
the Greeks was the outer infinite, while that of the Aryans was the inner
infinite; one studied the macrocosm, and the other the microcosm. Each had
its distinct part to play in the civilisation of the world. Not that one was
required to borrow from the other, but if they compared notes both would be
the gainers. The Aryans were by nature an analytical race. In the sciences
of mathematics and grammar wonderful fruits were gained, and by the analysis
of mind the full tree was developed. In Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato, and the
Egyptian neo-Platonists, we can find traces of Indian thought.
The Swami then traced in detail the influence of Indian thought on Europe
and showed how at different periods Spain, Germany, and other European
countries were greatly influenced by it. The Indian prince, Dârâ-Shuko,
translated the Upanishads into Persian, and a Latin translation of the same
was seen by Schopenhauer, whose philosophy was moulded by these. Next to
him, the philosophy of Kant also shows traces of the teachings of the
Upanishads. In Europe it is the interest in comparative philology that
attracts scholars to the study of Sanskrit, though there are men like
Deussen who take interest in philosophy for its own sake. The Swami hoped
that in future much more interest would be taken in the study of Sanskrit.
He then showed that the word "Hindu" in former times was full of meaning, as
referring to the people living beyond the Sindhu or the Indus; it is now
meaningless, representing neither the nation nor their religion, for on this
side of the Indus, various races professing different religions live at the
present day.
The Swami then dwelt at length on the Vedas and stated that they were not
spoken by any person, but the ideas were evolving slowly and slowly until
they were embodied in book form, and then that book became the authority. He
said that various religions were embodied in books: the power of books
seemed to be infinite. The Hindus have their Vedas, and will have to hold on
to them for thousands of years more, but their ideas about them are to be
changed and built anew on a solid foundation of rock. The Vedas, he said,
were a huge literature. Ninety-nine per cent of them were missing; they were
in the keeping of certain families, with whose extinction the books were
lost. But still, those that are left now could not be contained even in a
large hall like that. They severe written in language archaic and simple;
their grammar was very crude, so much so that it was said that some part of
the Vedas had no meaning.
He then dilated on the two portions of the Vedas — the Karma Kânda and the
Jnâna Kânda. The Karma Kanda, he said, were the Samhitâs and the Brâhmanas.
The Brahmanas dealt with sacrifices. The Samhitas were songs composed in
Chhandas known as Anushtup, Trishtup, Jagati, etc. Generally they praised
deities such as Varuna or Indra; and the question arose who were these
deities; and if any theories were raised about them, they were smashed up by
other theories, and so on it went.
The Swami then proceeded to explain different ideas of worship. With the
ancient Babylonians, the soul was only a double, having no individuality of
its own and not able to break its connection with the body. This double was
believed to suffer hunger and thirst, feelings and emotions like those of
the old body. Another idea was that if the first body was injured the double
would be injured also; when the first was annihilated, the double also
perished; so the tendency grew to preserve the body, and thus mummies,
tombs, and graves came into existence. The Egyptians, the Babylonians, and
the Jews never got any farther than this idea of the double; they did not
reach to the idea of the Âtman beyond.
Prof Max Müller's opinion was that not the least trace of ancestral worship
could be found in the Rig-Veda. There we do not meet with the horrid sight
of mummies staring stark and blank at us. There the gods were friendly to
man; communion between the worshipper and the worshipped was healthy. There
was no moroseness, no want of simple joy, no lack of smiles or light in the
eyes. The Swami said that dwelling on the Vedas he even seemed to hear the
laughter of the gods. The Vedic Rishis might not have had finish in their
expression, but they were men of culture and heart, and we are brutes in
comparison to them. Swamiji then recited several Mantras in confirmation of
what he had just said: "Carry him to the place where the Fathers live, where
there is no grief or sorrow" etc. Thus the idea arose that the sooner the
dead body was cremated the better. By degrees they came to know that there
was a finer body that went to a place where there was all joy and no sorrow.
In the Semitic type of religion there was tribulation and fear; it was
thought that if a man saw God, he would die. But according to the Rig-Veda,
when a man saw God face to face then began his real life.
Now the questions came to be asked: What were these gods? Sometimes Indra
came and helped man; sometimes Indra drank too much Soma. Now and again,
adjectives such as all-powerful, all-pervading, were attributed to him; the
same was the case with Varuna. In this way it went on, and some of these
Mantras depicting the characteristics of these gods were marvellous, and the
language was exceedingly grand. The speaker here repeated the famous
Nâsadiya Sukta which describes the Pralaya state and in which occurs the
idea of "Darkness covering darkness", and asked if the persons that
described these sublime ideas in such poetic thought were uncivilised and
uncultured, then what we should call ourselves. It was not for him, Swamiji
said, to criticise or pass any judgment on those Rishis and their gods —
Indra or Varuna. All this was like a panorama, unfolding one scene after
another, and behind them all as a background stood out
एकं सव्दिप्रा बहुधा वदन्ति । — "That which exists is One; sages call It variously."
The whole thing was most mystical, marvellous, and exquisitely beautiful. It
seemed even yet quite unapproachable — the veil was so thin that it would
rend, as it were, at the least touch and vanish like a mirage.
Continuing, he said that one thing seemed to him quite clear and possible
that the Aryans too, like the Greeks, went to outside nature for their
solution, that nature tempted them outside, led them step by step to the
outward world, beautiful and good. But here in India anything which was not
sublime counted for nothing. It never occurred to the Greeks to pry into the
secrets after death. But here from the beginning was asked again and again
"What am I? What will become of me after death?" There the Greek thought —
the man died and went to heaven. What was meant by going to heaven? It meant
going outside of everything; there was nothing inside, everything was
outside; his search was all directed outside, nay, he himself was, as it
were, outside himself. And when he went to a place which was very much like
this world minus all its sorrows, he thought he had got everything that was
desirable and was satisfied; and there all ideas of religion stopped. But
this did not satisfy the Hindu mind. In its analysis, these heavens were all
included within the material universe. "Whatever comes by combination", the
Hindus said, "dies of annihilation". They asked external nature, "Do you
know what is soul?" and nature answered, "No". "Is there any God?" Nature
answered, "I do not know". Then they turned away from nature. They
understood that external nature, however great and grand, was limited in
space and time. Then there arose another voice; new sublime thoughts dawned
in their minds. That voice said — "Neti, Neti", "Not this, not this". All
the different gods were now reduced into one; the suns, moons, and stars —
nay, the whole universe — were one, and upon this new ideal the spiritual
basis of religion was built.
न तत्र सुर्यो भाति न चंन्द्रतारकं नेमा विद्युतो भान्ति कुतोऽयमग्निः ।
तमेव भान्तमनुभाति सर्वं तस्य भासा सर्व मिदं विभाति ॥
— "There the sun doth not shine, neither the moon, nor stars, nor lightning, what to speak of this fire. He shining, everything doth shine. Through Him everything shineth." No more is there that limited, crude, personal idea; no more is there that little idea of God sitting in judgment; no more is that search outside, but henceforth it is directed inside. Thus the Upanishads became the Bible of India. It was a vast literature, these Upanishads, and all the schools holding different opinions in India came to be established on the foundation of the Upanishads.
The Swami passed on to the dualistic, qualified monistic, and Advaitic
theories, and reconciled them by saying that each one of these was like a
step by which one passed before the other was reached; the final evolution
to Advaitism was the natural outcome, and the last step was "Tattvamasi". He
pointed out where even the great commentators Shankarâchârya,
Râmânujâchârya, and Madhvâchârya had committed mistakes. Each one believed
in the Upanishads as the sole authority, but thought that they preached one
thing, one path only. Thus Shankaracharya committed the mistake in supposing
that the whole of the Upanishads taught one thing, which was Advaitism, and
nothing else; and wherever a passage bearing distinctly the Dvaita idea
occurred, he twisted and tortured the meaning to make it support his own
theory. So with Ramanuja and Madhvacharya when pure Advaitic texts occurred.
It was perfectly true that the Upanishads had one thing to teach, but that
was taught as a going up from one step to another. Swamiji regretted that in
modern India the spirit of religion is gone; only the externals remain. The
people are neither Hindus nor Vedantists. They are merely don't-touchists;
the kitchen is their temple and Hândi Bartans (cooking pots) are their
Devatâ (object of worship). This state of things must go. The sooner it is
given up the better for our religion. Let the Upanishads shine in their
glory, and at the same time let not quarrels exist amongst different sects.
As Swamiji was not keeping good health, he felt exhausted at this stage of
his speech; so he took a little rest for half an hour, during which time the
whole audience waited patiently to hear the rest of the lecture. He came out
and spoke again for half an hour, and explained that knowledge was the
finding of unity in diversity, and the highest point in every science was
reached when it found the one unity underlying all variety. This was as true
in physical science as in the spiritual.