The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 3/Lectures from Colombo to Almora/What have I learnt?
WHAT HAVE I LEARNT?
(Delivered at Dacca, 30th March, 1901)
At Dacca Swamiji delivered two lectures in English. The first was on "What
have I learnt?" and the second one was "The Religion we are born in".
The following is translated from a report in Bengali by a disciple, and it
contains the substance of the first lecture:
First of all, I must express my pleasure at the opportunity afforded me of
coming to Eastern Bengal to acquire an intimate knowledge of this part of
the country, which I hitherto lacked in spite of my wanderings through many
civilised countries of the West, as well as my gratification at the sight of
majestic rivers, wide fertile plains, and picturesque villages in this, my
own country of Bengal, which I had not the good fortune of seeing for myself
before. I did not know that there was everywhere in my country of Bengal —
on land and water — so much beauty and charm. But this much has been my gain
that after seeing the various countries of the world I can now much more
appreciate the beauties of my own land.
In the same way also, in search of religion, I had travelled among various
sects — sects which had taken up the ideals of foreign nations as their own,
and I had begged at the door of others, not knowing then that in the
religion of my country, in our national religion, there was so much beauty
and grandeur. It is now many years since I found Hinduism to be the most
perfectly satisfying religion in the world. Hence I feel sad at heart when I
see existing among my own countrymen, professing a peerless faith, such a
widespread indifference to our religion — though I am very well aware of the
unfavourable materialistic conditions in which they pass their lives — owing
to the diffusion of European modes of thought in this, our great motherland.
There are among us at the present day certain reformers who want to reform
our religion or rather turn it topsyturvy with a view to the regeneration of
the Hindu nation. There are, no doubt, some thoughtful people among them,
but there are also many who follow others blindly and act most foolishly,
not knowing what they are about. This class of reformers are very
enthusiastic in introducing foreign ideas into our religion. They have taken
hold of the word "idolatry", and aver that Hinduism is not true, because it
is idolatrous. They never seek to find out what this so-called "idolatry"
is, whether it is good or bad; only taking their cue from others, they are
bold enough to shout down Hinduism as untrue. There is another class of men
among us who are intent upon giving some slippery scientific explanations
for any and every Hindu custom, rite, etc., and who are always talking of
electricity, magnetism, air vibration, and all that sort of thing. Who knows
but they will perhaps some day define God Himself as nothing but a mass of
electric vibrations! However, Mother bless them all! She it is who is having
Her work done in various ways through multifarious natures and tendencies.
In contradistinction to these, there is that ancient class who say, "I do
not know, I do not care to know or understand all these your hair-splitting
ratiocinations; I want God, I want the Atman, I want to go to that Beyond,
where there is no universe, where there is no pleasure or pain, where dwells
the Bliss Supreme"; who say, "I believe in salvation by bathing in the holy
Gangâ with faith"; who say, "whomsoever you may worship with singleness of
faith and devotion as the one God of the universe, in whatsoever form as
Shiva, Râma, Vishnu, etc., you will get Moksha"; to that sturdy ancient
class I am proud to belong.
Then there is a sect who advise us to follow God and the world together.
They are not sincere, they do not express what they feel in their hearts.
What is the teaching of the Great Ones? — "Where there is Rama, there is no
Kama; where there is Kama, there Rama is not. Night and day can never exist
together." The voice of the ancient sages proclaim to us, "If you desire to
attain God, you will have to renounce Kâma-Kânchana (lust and possession).
The Samsâra is unreal, hollow, void of substance. Unless you give it up, you
can never reach God, try however you may. If you cannot do that, own that
you are weak, but by no means lower the Ideal. Do not cover the corrupting
corpse with leaves of gold!" So according to them, if you want to gain
spirituality, to attain God, the first thing that you have to do is to give
up this playing "hide-and-seek with your ideas", this dishonesty, this
"theft within the chamber of thought".
What have I learnt? What have I learnt from this ancient sect? I have
learnt:
दुर्लभं त्रयमेवैतत् देवानुग्रहहेतुकम्।
मनुष्यत्वं मुमुक्षुत्वं महापुरुषसंश्रयः॥
— "Verily, these three are rare to obtain and come only through the grace of God — human birth, desire to obtain Moksha, and the company of the great-souled ones." The first thing needed is Manushyatva, human birth, because it only is favourable to the attainment of Mukti. The next is Mumukshutva. Though our means of realisation vary according to the difference in sects and individuals — though different individuals can lay claim to their special rights and means to gain knowledge, which vary according to their different stations in life — yet it can be said in general without fear of contradiction that without this Mumukshutâ, realisation of God is impossible. What is Mumukshutva? It is the strong desire for Moksha — earnest yearning to get out of the sphere of pain and pleasure — utter disgust for the world. When that intense burning desire to see God comes, then you should know that you are entitled to the realisation of the Supreme.
Then another thing is necessary, and that is the coming in direct contact
with the Mahâpurushas, and thus moulding our lives in accordance with those
of the great-souled ones who have reached the Goal. Even disgust for the
world and a burning desire for God are not sufficient. Initiation by the
Guru is necessary. Why? Because it is the bringing of yourself into
connection with that great source of power which has been handed down
through generations from one Guru to another, in uninterrupted succession.
The devotee must seek and accept the Guru or spiritual preceptor as his
counsellor, philosopher, friend, and guide. In short, the Guru is the sine qua non
of progress in the path of spirituality. Whom then shall I accept as
my Guru?
श्रोत्रियोऽवृजिनोऽकामहतो यो ब्रह्मावित्तमः
— "He who is versed in the Vedas, without taint, unhurt by desire, he who is
the best of the knowers of Brahman." Shrotriya — he who is not only learned
in the Shâstras, but who knows their subtle secrets, who has realised their
true import in his life. "Reading merely the various scriptures, they have
become only parrots, and not Pandits. He indeed has become a Pandit who has
gained Prema (Divine Love) by reading even one word of the Shâstras." Mere
book-learned Pandits are of no avail. Nowadays, everyone wants to be a Guru;
even a poor beggar wants to make a gift of a lakh of rupees! Then the Guru
must be without a touch of taint, and he must be Akâmahata — unhurt by any
desire — he should have no other motive except that of purely doing good to
others, he should be an ocean of mercy-without-reason and not impart
religious teaching with a view to gaining name or fame, or anything
pertaining to selfish interest. And he must be the intense knower of
Brahman, that is, one who has realised Brahman even as tangibly as an
Âmalaka-fruit in the palm of the hand. Such is the Guru, says the Shruti.
When spiritual union is established with such a Guru, then comes realisation
of God — then god-vision becomes easy of attainment.
After initiation there should be in the aspirant after Truth, Abhyâsa or
earnest and repeated attempt at practical application of the Truth by
prescribed means of constant meditation upon the Chosen Ideal. Even if you
have a burning thirst for God, or have gained the Guru, unless you have
along with it the Abhyasa, unless you practice what you have been taught,
you cannot get realisation. When all these are firmly established in you,
then you will reach the Goal.
Therefore, I say unto you, as Hindus, as descendants of the glorious Âryans,
do not forget the great ideal of our religion, that great ideal of the
Hindus, which is, to go beyond this Samsara — not only to renounce the
world, but to give up heaven too; ay, not only to give up evil, but to give
up good too; and thus to go beyond all, beyond this phenomenal existence,
and ultimately realise the Sat-Chit-Ânanda Brahman — the Absolute
Existence-Knowledge-Bliss, which is Brahman.