The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Grant, (Hiram) Ulysses Simpson

GRANT, (Hiram) Ulysses Simpson, American general and 18th President of the United States: b. Point Pleasant, Clermont County, Ohio, 27 April 1822; d. Mount McGregor, N. Y., 23 July 1885. He was the eldest of the six children of Jesse R. Grant and Hannah Simpson Grant and on the paternal side is supposed to have been of remote Scottish descent. In 1823, a year after the birth of Ulysses, the family moved to Georgetown, Ohio, where Ulysses was brought up, working on his father's farm in summer and attending school in the winter. He detested the tanning trade, in which business his father was engaged, but was fond of agriculture and loved horses, becoming a remarkably proficient rider and teamster at an early age. After an elementary education in John D. White's subscription school at Georgetown, he was sent to Maysville Seminary, Maysville, Ky., which he attended in 1836-37, and in 1838-39 was provided with a winter term at an academy at Ripley, near Georgetown. In 1839 his father obtained for him an appointment to the Military Academy at West Point, but in making the application for Grant, Congressman Hamer erroneously called him “Ulysses Simpson Grant” instead of Hiram Ulysses, and thus his name appeared on the muster-roll. The young man was not displeased by the change and after a few years himself discarded the Hiram, which he had always disliked.

Grant's record at West Point was excellent in mathematics and engineering and fair in other studies but he surpassed all in horsemanship; he graduated in 1843, 2lst in a class of 39, was commissioned brevet second lieutenant, assigned to the Fourth United States Infantry, and sent to Jefferson Barracks, near Saint Louis, Mo. In May 1844 his regiment was ordered to the south western frontier and in September 1845 to Texas as a part of the army under Zachary Taylor. On 30 Sept. 1845 he was promoted to full second lieutenant; in May 1846 took part in the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma (qq.v.); in August, at Camargo, was appointed regimental quartermaster and commissary; in September was present at the battle of Monterey (q.v.), where he performed a daring ride under fire to obtain new supplies for the troops on the firing line; and in December was sent with his regiment to the mouth of the Rio Grande. He participated in all the battles of General Scott's march to Mexico City — Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, Contreras, Churubusco, Molina del Rey and Chapultepec (qq.v.), being made first lieutenant for bravery at Molino del Rey and brevetted captain at Chapultepec. His regiment was at Mexico City until June 1848, when it was ordered to Mississippi, but Grant obtained leave of absence and returned home to be married (22 August) to Miss Julia T. Dent. In July 1852 after four years of garrison duty at Detroit and Sackett's Harbor, the regiment was transferred by way of Panama to Fort Vancouver on the Columbia River; while there he endeavored to increase his income by farming, cattle-raising and other enterprises, but in- variably failed to improve his fortunes. On 5 Aug. 1853 he was promoted to a captaincy and ordered to Fort Humboldt, Cal., where he served until April 1854, but becoming disheartened by the never-ending vista of barrack life and far removed from the wholesome influence of wife and family, he fell into evil ways, began to drink and finally, was directed to resign or stand trial on charges. Accordingly he resigned from the service 11 April 1854 to take effect 31 July, and returned to Saint Louis.

Frederick Dent, who lived near Saint Louis, had given his daughter (Grant's wife) 80 acres of land, and on Grant's return loaned him $1,000 with which to engage in farming. On this property Grant built a log cabin, which he called “Hard Scrabble,” and lived there until 1858, clearing the land, hauling wood, plowing, hoeing and enduring all the hardships and privations of a small farmer. In 1858, however, he abandoned farming because of illness and returned to Saint Louis, where, during the next two years, owing to his inaptitude for ordinary business life and carelessness in money matters, he earned only a scanty subsistence in the real estate business. In 1860 he removed to Galena, Ill., where his father had established a leather store (a branch of his tanning business at Covington, Ky.), and there he worked at an annual salary of $800 until the outbreak of the Civil War.

When a war meeting was held to secure enlistments Captain Grant was made chairman of the meeting but declined an offer of the captaincy of the company enlisted, saying “I have been a captain in the regular army. I am fitted to command a regiment.” On 25 April, however, he accompanied the troops to Springfield, where on 8 May he was attached to the adjutant-general's office as mustering officer, mustering in several regiments, among which was the 7th District Regiment (later the 21st Illinois). On 24 May 1861 he tendered his services to the War Department at Washington, suggesting that he was competent to command a regiment, but received no reply and had almost abandoned hope of making any headway in the military service when (17 June) he was appointed colonel of the above regiment, though compelled to borrow money to purchase the proper officer's outfit. He served with his regiment under Pope in Missouri (endeavoring to suppress guerilla warfare), until 7 August, when he was appointed by Lincoln brigadier-general of volunteers, on 4 September assuming command of the district of southeastern Missouri and western Kentucky, with headquarters at Cairo. Immediately on his arrival be seized Paducah, Ky., a town of great strategic importance at the junction of the Tennessee and the Ohio rivers, on 25 September occupied Smithland, and then spent several weeks in organization and drill, in fortifying important locations and in reconnaissances against the enemy. On 7 November he attacked and captured the Confederate camp at Belmont, Mo., but the arrival of Confederate reinforcements compelled him to retire to his transports.

In February 1862, after much persuasion. Gen. H. W. Halleck allowed Grant to proceed against Fort Henry on the east bank of the Tennessee. Accordingly, with 15,000 troops, and accompanied by the gunboat flotilla under A. H. Foote, Grant set out, and on the 6th, after a terrific bombardment by the gunboats, compelled the fort to surrender. He then invested Fort Donelson, on the west bank of the Cumberland River, 12 miles away. A Confederate sortie on the 15th failed to loosen Grant's grip and on the 16th Gen, S. B. Bnckner proposed an armistice and the appointment of commissioners to settle terms of capitulation, but Grant replied: “No terms except unconditional and immediate surrender can be accepted. I propose to move immediately upon your works.” Buckner surrendered the fort and about 15,000 troops and Grant became famous as “Unconditional Surrender Grant.” This brilliant piece of work was the first important victory for the Union cause and its moral effect was tremendous. In spite of the jealousy of Halleck and his efforts to belittle and humiliate Grant, who afterward for a time was virtually under arrest, Lincoln nominated Grant as major-general of volunteers, to date from the surrender, and the Senate confirmed the appointment. See Fort Henry and Fort Donelson.

Grant's next important battle was at Shiloh (q.v.) or Pittsburg Landing. At that point were five divisions of Grants army, while he himself was at Savannah, nine miles away, awaiting the arrival of an army under Don Carlos Buell. On 6 April the Confederate army, under Gen. A. S. Johnston, attacked the Union troops at the Landing and beat them back to the Tennessee River with great loss; but Grant, having been reinforced by Buell's army, reformed his lines, renewed the battle on the 7th and drove the Confederates, now under Beauregard, Johnston having been killed in action, back to Corinth, Miss. The highly colored reports of this battle in the newspapers of the North called forth the most violent and acrid denunciations of Grant, who was charged with neglecting his army through dissipation, with recklessly exposing his men and with being in the rear at a critical time; moreover the public was dismayed by the large loss of life, this being the bloodiest battle up to that time in the history of the country. But Lincoln, unswayed by the widespread clamor for Grant's removal, resolutely rejected all such demands, saying “I can't spare this man, he fights.” On 11 April Halleck arrived at the Landing and in a spirit of petty jealousy took personal command of the army, much to Grant's chagrin, and the latter, though nominally second in command, was completely ignored in the following ludicrous campaign against Corinth (q.v.), which was occupied by the Union troops 30 May. Grant was so disgusted by what he deemed an unwarranted displacement that he contemplated leaving the army but was dissuaded by Sherman. On 11 July, however, Halleck was called to Washington and left Grant in charge of the district of West Tennessee, embracing the territory west of the Cumberland River, with headquarters at Corinth. On 19-20 September Grant forced Price to retreat at Iuka (q.v.), on 3-4 October a part of his army under Rosecrans signally defeated Price and Van Dorn at Corinth (q.v.) and on the 2Sth he was placed in command of the Department of the Tennessee, charged with the special duty of taking Vicksburg.

By November 1862 Grant was in sufficient force to undertake an offensive campaign. Sending Sherman to attack Vicksburg in front, Grant went to the interior to cut off escape by the rear. First came the reverse at Holly Springs (q.v.) 20 December and on the 29th the sanguinary battle of Chickasaw Bayou (q.v.) was fought, but on 10-11 Jan. 1863 Sherman managed to capture Arkansas Post or Fort Hindman (q.v.) and thus saved from utter failure a campaign that had been planned on an unsound basis and subjected to considerable interference by a series of political intrigues. Nevertheless Grant possessed the energy and persistency necessary to accomplish the task before him; the plan of campaign was changed several times without appreciable result, but finally, after months of seemingly hopeless work, by a series of brilliant manœuvres, a regular siege of Vicksburg was instituted in May and on 4 July 1863 the fortress and town were surrendered with over 30,000 troops, the largest body of soldiers that had been captured on this continent up to that time. (See Yazoo Pass and Steele's Bayou; Port Gibson; Raymond; Jackson; Champion's Hill; Big Black; Milliken's Bend; Vicksburg; Port Hudson). Grant was now the “man of destiny” and a national hero; on 16 July Lincoln wrote a personal letter of congratulation and nominated him as major-general in the regular army; and in October he was placed in command of the Military Division of the Mississippi.

The fall of Vicksburg severed the Confederacy and in October, as little opposition was expected in that quarter, Grant proceeded to Chattanooga where Rosecrans, after the Tullahoma campaign (q.v.), and the disastrous battle of Chickamauga (q.v.) 19-20 Sept. 1863, was beleaguered by the Confederates under Bragg, while shortly afterward Burnside was besieged by Longstreet at Knoxville. By a series of swift and dramatic battles, 23-25 November, Grant captured Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge (see Chattanooga) and completely routed Bragg (see Ringgold Gap), then sending Sherman to Burnside's relief at Knoxville (see Cumberland Gap; Rogersville; Campbell's Station; Knoxville). This victory opened the way for Sherman's Meridian expedition (q.v.), his capture of Atlanta and his subsequent “March to the Sea.” At its next session Congress not only passed a vote of thanks to Grant and his army and ordered a gold medal to be struck in his honor, but also on 29 Feb. 1864 revived the grade of lieutenant-general and on 2 March confirmed Lincoln's nomination of Grant to that position. A few days later Grant proceeded to Washington and assumed command of the armies of the United States, making his headquarters with the Army of the Potomac and immediately formulating plans to defeat the army under Gen. R. E. Lee and capture Richmond.

ULYSSES SIMPSON GRANT

Eighteenth President of the United States

Grant's first movements, though unsuccessful in their main design, resulted in crippling the enemy but only at disheartening sacrifices of troops. He pursued a merciless policy of attrition and proposed to exhaust Lee's army, even though his gains were not commensurate with the unprecedented cost of these operations, in spite of repeated partial reverses and tremendous losses in killed and wounded, he never relaxed his hold on Lee's army, but slowly and inexorably drove it back upon Petersburg and Richmond. Grant sent Sherman against Johnston who was protecting Atlanta and ordered B. F. Butler with the Army of the James to threaten Richmond from the southeast, while he himself, with the Army of the Potomac under Gen. G. G. Meade, attacked Lee. On 4 May 1864, with an army approximately twice the size of Lee's, Grant crossed the Rapidan, and on 5-6 May fought the bloody battle of the Wilderness (q.v.), suffering far greater loss than he inflicted (see also Todd's Tavern). Sheridan was then sent with the cavalry on a raiding expedition toward Richmond (q.v.; see also Po River); and on 10-12 May, Grant engaged in the hardest and closest fighting of the war in the series of battles including the “Bloody Angle” at Spottsylvania Court House (q.v.). In spite of Hancock's success at the “Angle,” Grant failed in his main purpose to break through Lee's centre, roll up his flanks and thus destroy the fighting morale of his army. But Grant had said: “I propose to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer,” and accordingly continued to hammer at Lee, though for some time the latter managed to fight the Union army to a standstill and to frustrate every effort to draw him from his almost impregnable position (see North Anna; Hawes' Shop; Pamunkey and Totopotomoy). By this time also Gen. Franz Sigel had been defeated at New Market (q.v.) and Butler had been bottled up at Bermuda Hundred (see Drewry's Bluff; Swift Creek), wherefore Lee was safe from attack on that quarter and the Shenandoah Valley was open. On 3 June Grant tried to break through Lee's lines at Cold Harbor (q.v.) but the enormous loss of life in this unsuccessful assault convinced him that flanking movements were futile and too costly and that his only hope of capturing Richmond lay in taking Petersburg, Gen. J. H. Wilson led two cavalry divisions around Petersburg, destroying large sections of the Weldon and Southside railroads (q.v.) and Sheridan made a raid toward Trevilian (q.v.), but the midsummer heat prevented extended offensive operations (see Jerusalem Plank Road; Deep Bottom; Saint Mary's Church). On 30 July occurred the explosion of the Petersburg mine and the disastrous and abortive assault of the Confederate works. During the next few weary months attention was centred on the operations in the Shenandoah Valley (q.v.) where Jubal A. Early came in contact with Sheridan and finally on 19 Oct. 1864 was defeated by him at Cedar Creek (q.v.); on Sherman's campaign against Hood, resulting in the capture of Atlanta on 2 September and of Savannah on 22 December (see March to the Sea); on Schofield's failure at Franklin (q.v.) 30 November, and on Thomas' overwhelming defeat of Hood at Nashville (q.v.) 15-16 December.

During this time Grant was constantly tightening his hold on Lee's lines (see Petersburg; Deep Bottom; Globe Tavern; Ream's Station; Fort Harrison; Poplar Spring Church; Hatcher's Run (Boydton Road); Fair Oaks and Darbytown Road) and waiting for Sherman and Sheridan to cut off Lee's sources of supplies from the south and west, planning thereby to starve him out. On 25 Jan. 1865 Fort Fisher (q.v.) was captured. Sherman advanced from Savannah and pierced the Carolinas (see Savannah to Goldsboro: Kinston), and in March, after the battle of Hatcher's Run (Dabney's Mill and Armstrong's Mill, q.v.), Grant began his great offensive against the Petersburg lines, first repulsing a sortie by Lee at Fort Stedman (q.v.) 25 March. On 31 March and 1 April, Sheridan won victories at Dinwiddie Court House, White Oak Road and Five Forks (qq.v.), wherefore on the night of 2-3 April, Lee abandoned his untenable position at Petersburg and ordered his troops to concentrate at Amelia Court House, south of Appomattox. The next day (3 April) Richmond was evacuated and the Union forces occupied the city, Grant continuing to pursue the Confederates, then in a desperate plight because their supply trains had been sent to the wrong place. By the 8th Lee was almost surrounded (see Farmville and Highbridge; Sailor's Creek) and therefore on the 9th, realizing the utter hopelessness and futility of further resistance, he surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House. Grant afterward stated that he “felt like anything rather than rejoicing at the downfall of a foe who had fought so long and valiantly and had suffered so much for a cause,” and therefore his terms of surrender were very generous, winning for him the respect and admiration of the Southern people. Subsequently, when a question arose as to whether Lee could be prosecuted for treason. Grant promptly declared that the terms of surrender included Lee and if such a course were pursued he would resign his commission and appeal to the country. Grant returned to Washington amid the rejoicing of the entire nation, soon to be plunged into despair by Lincoln's assassination. On 23-24 May he reviewed the army parade at Washington and then visited many Northern cities, receiving innumerable gifts from admiring citizens and honorary degrees from Harvard University and other institutions.

Respecting the reconstruction, Grant at first favored President Johnson and at his request made a tour of inspection of North and South Carolina and Georgia in the fall of 1865, reporting that “the mass of thinking men of the South accept the present situation of affairs in good faith.” He also accompanied the President on his famous “swing around the circle” in 1866, though he took no active part in the President's propaganda in favor of his reconstruction policy. Having been commissioned General of the Armies of the United States (25 July 1866), Grant was now the foremost citizen of the republic and as he had become an available candidate for the Presidential nomination, the leaders of both political parties sought to secure his adherence, since it was probable that his popularity would influence a considerable independent vote. But President Johnson involved Grant in the struggle over reconstruction measures and by his course drove him into the radical ranks. In August 1867 Johnson suspended Secretary of War Stanton (q.v.) and appointed Grant Secretary ad interim, but on 13 Jan. 1868 the Senate disapproved of Stanton's suspension, whereupon Grant vacated the office. A dispute arose over Grant's actions in this connection, Johnson questioning his good faith, thus driving him into bitter opposition to Johnson and making him an advocate of impeachment. Hence, in May 1868 Grant was unanimously nominated for the Presidency by the Republican convention at Chicago, and though taking little part in the campaign, defeated his Democratic opponent (Gov. Horatio Seymour), receiving 214 of the 294 electoral votes.

Grant's inexperience in civil administration was conceded, his lack of political finesse was admitted and his reticence and taciturnity were pronounced, but his strong will was also known and his rugged patriotism had been proven. He caused much criticism in forming his Cabinet owing to the preponderance of millionaires and personal friends and by making his personal appointments in the President's household largely from the military staff. However, he possessed the confidence of the people and this was increased by the negotiation of the Treaty of Washington (q.v. See also Alabama Claims; Hamilton Fish; United States — History of Arbitrations; United States — Diplomacy), but his persistent efforts to annex Santo Domingo led to much ill feeling and also to a rupture of relations with Charles Sumner (q.v.). Grant was deeply interested in South and Central American affairs and desired to recognize the Cuban insurgents but was dissuaded from so doing by Secretary Fish; in the subsequent Virginius affair, however, popular indignation was so thoroughly aroused that Grant put the navy on a war footing and later Spain rendered adequate reparation. The most important domestic problem during his first term, aside from his peaceful Indian policy and civil service reform, was the reconstruction of the Southern States, but as the actual work of reorganization was almost finished, the President was inclined to leave the completion of the task to the newly formed State governments (see United States — The Reconstruction). Still there was a growing conviction that the administration was inefficient, that the civil service was neglected and abused and that in his appointments Grant was yielding too frequently to the importunities of politicians; accordingly in 1872 a great reform movement was inaugurated, the instigators of which called themselves Liberal Republicans. Grant was charged with nepotism because of his numerous appointments to public office of relatives of his own and of the Dent families and with being “notoriously loaded down with presents;” and the Gould-Fisk attempt to corner gold, culminating in Black Friday (q.v.), was attributed to a New York speculator who had married into the President's family. But in 1872, despite these and other irregularities, such as the Crédit Mobilier scandal (q.v.), ordinarily regarded as weaknesses in a candidate, Grant easily defeated his Democratic-Liberal-Republican opponent, Horace Greeley (q.v.), obtaining a plurality of over 700,000 and an electoral vote of 286. The new administration was almost immediately confronted with financial disaster and panic but the President rendered a great service to the country when he vetoed a bill passed by Congress for the inflation of the paper currency and urged the passage of the bill for resuming specie payments. The last years of his Presidency mark the lowest ebb ever reached in the political morale of the country. The “Salary Grab” (q.v.), the Whisky Ring Frauds (q.v,), the scandal in the Treasury Department regarding the Sanborn contracts, the Safe-Burglary frauds, the Seal-Lock frauds, the Subsidy frauds, the impeachment of Secretary of War Belknap (q.v.) and other malodorous affairs aroused universal indignation and protest, though the President personally was in no way implicated. Probably never was Grant so low in the popular estimation as in the summer and fall of 1876. As a result the Democratic candidate (Samuel J. Tilden) received a majority of the popular vote in 1876, but the Republican candidate was placed in office by the decision of the Electoral Commission (q.v. See also United States — Disputed Elections). During this time numerous threats were made of an appeal to arms, but Grant's disposition of the army prevented disorder and his influence counted for peace and restraint.

At the close of his second term in 1877 Grant, with his wife and youngest son, Jesse, made a tour of the world; he returned in September 1879 and in the spring of 1880 an effort was made to secure for him a third nomination for the Presidency, but the sentiment against a third term could not be overcome. Shortly afterward he moved to New York city and, besides accepting the unsalaried presidency of the Mexican Southern Railway, became a special partner in the firm of Grant & Ward; his name and property were used in the business but he took no active part in the management. In 1884 this firm failed, ruining Grant and other members of his family, and an unsuccessful effort was made to hold him personally liable. To satisfy his creditors he surrendered all his property, including the unique collection of souvenirs, swords and other mementoes gathered during his tour, and this collection eventually became the property of the nation. Every token of respect was shown him and in March 1885, by special legislation, Congress restored him to the rank of General (since he had resigned to become President) and retired him on full pay. When the first storm of criticism had passed, Grant undertook to write his memoirs, hoping that the sale would furnish a competence for his wife, and then began the most heroic year of his life. Though suffering almost ceaseless pain, owing to a cancerous growth in his throat, he continued steadily at this work, dictating when he could and writing when speech was impossible, and ultimately produced a work that took rank as one of the great martial biographies of the world. In June 1885 he was moved to Mount McGregor, near Saratoga, N. Y., in the hope that the change would benefit him, but the march of the fatal disease could not be stayed and he died on 23 July. His body found its final resting place in the great mausoleum on Riverside Drive, New York city, overlooking the Hudson.

Bibliography. — Among biographies of Grant, varying in merit, are those by A. W. Alexander (Saint Louis 1897); W. Allen (Boston 1901); Matthew Arnold (Boston 1887); Adam Badeau (Hartford 1887 and New York 1885); W. C. Church (New York 1897); F. L. Coombs (New York 1916); H. Coppée (New York 1866 and 1868); N. Cross (New York 1872); C. A. Dana and J. H. Wilson (Springfield, Mass., 1868); F. S. Edmonds (Philadelphia 1915); T. G. Frost (New York 1909); Hamlin Garland (New York 1898); P. C. Headley (New York 1866); Charles King (Philadelphia 1914); A. D. Richardson (Hartford 1868); N. Smith (Milwaukee 1909); W. O. Stoddard (New York 1886); W. H. Van Orden (New York 1896): J. G. Wilson (New York 1897); and O. Wister (Boston 1901). Consult also ‘Battles and Leaders of the Civil War’ (New York 1884-87); Childs, G. W., ‘Recollections of General Grant’ (Philadelphia 1890); Cramer, J. G. (ed.), ‘Letters of Ulysses S. Grant to his Father and his Youngest Sister, 1857-78’ (New York 1912); Dodge, G. M., ‘Personal Recollections of General Grant and his Campaigns in the West’ (in Journal of the Military Service Institute, Vol. XXXVI, pp. 39-61, New York 1905); Douglass, F., ‘U. S. Grant and the Colored People’ (Washington 1872); Dunmng, W. A., ‘The Reconstruction’ {New York 1907); Eaton, John, ‘Grant, Lincoln and the Freedman’ (New York 1907); Force, M. F., ‘From Fort Henry to Corinth’ (New York 1881); Farman, E. E., ‘Along the Nile with General Grant’ (New York 1904); Fiske, John, ‘The Mississippi Valley in the Civil War’ (Boston 1900); Grant, U. S, ‘Personal Memoirs’ (New York 1885-86); Garland, Hamlin, ‘Grant in the Mexican War’ (in McClure's Magazine, pp. 366-380, New York 1897); Grant, F. D., ‘Reminiscences of Gen. U. S. Grant’ (in Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Vol. VII, pp. 72-76, Springfield, Ill., 1914), and ‘With Grant at Vicksburg’ (in The Outlook, Vol. LIX, pp. 533-543, New York 1898); Humphreys, A. A., ‘The Virginia Campaign of '64 and '65’ (New York 1883); Keating, J. M., ‘With Grant in the East’ (Philadelphia 1879); McClellan, C., ‘The Personal Memoirs and the Military History of U. S. Grant versus the Record of the Army of the Potomac’ (Boston 1887); Mosby, J. S., ‘Personal Recollections of General Grant’ (in Munsey's Magagine, Vol. LXIV, pp. 161-166, New York 1911); Nicolay and Hay, ‘Abraham Lincoln, a History’ (New York 1890); Porter, Horace, ‘Campaigning with Grant’ (New York 1897); Ropes and Livermore, ‘Story of the Civil War’ (New York 1894-1913); Rhodes, J. F., ‘History of the United States’ (New York 1892-1906); Swinton, William, ‘Campaigns of the Army of the Potomac’ (New York 1866); Shrady, G. F., ‘General Grant's Last Days’ (in Century Magazine, Vol. LXXVI, pp. 102-113, 411-429, New York 1908); Vincent, J. H., ‘The Inner Life of Ulysses S. Grant’ (in The Chautauquan, Vol. XXX, pp. 634-638, Meadville, Pa., 1900); Wilkin, J. W., ‘Personal Reminiscences of General U. S. Grant’ (in ‘Publications of the Illinois State Historical Library,’ No. 12, pp. 134-140, Springfield, Ill., 1908); Wilson, J. H., ‘Under The Old Flag’ (New York 1912); Woolley, E. C., ‘Grant's Southern Policy’ (in ‘Studies in Southern History and Politics,’ New York 1914); Young, J. R., ‘Around the World with General Grant’ (New York 1879); the article ‘The Truth about Grant’ (in The Army and Navy Journal, Vol. XLV, p. 1100, 6 June 1908); and the biographies and memoirs of the soldiers and statesmen of the period, and works describing the war in its entirety and also the individual battles.

Irving E. Rines,

Author ‘History of the United States’.