The History of Slavery and the Slave Trade/Chapter 35

by William O. Blake

 

CHAPTER XXXV.

Statistical Tables constructed from the Census of 1850.

Territory — Area of Free States; area of Slave States. — Population — Free colored in Free States; Free colored in Slave States; Slaves. — Amalgamation; Mulattoes of Free States; Mulattoes of Slave States; Proportion to Whites. — Manumitted Slaves; Fugitive Slaves; Occupation of Slaves; Number of Slave Holders; Proportion to Non-Slave Holders. — Representation — Number of Representatives from Slave States. — Number of Representatives from Free States; Basis in numbers and classes. — Moral and Social — Churches, Church Property, Colleges, Public Schools, Private Schools; Number of Pupils; Annual Expenditure; Persons who cannot read and write; Lands appropriated by General Government for Education; Periodical Press; Libraries. — Charities — Pauperism in Free States; in Slave States. — Criminals — Number of Prisoners. — Agriculture — Value of Farms and Implements in Free and Slave States. — Manufactures, Mining, Mechanic Arts — Capital invested; Annual Product. — Rail Roads and Canals — Number of Miles; Cost. — Total Real and Personal Estate. — Value of Real Estate in Free States; in Slave States; value of Personal in Free States; in Slave States, including and excluding Slaves. — Miscellaneous.

The United States consist at the present time of thirty-one independent states, and eight organized territories, including the District of Columbia.

 

TERRITORY.
Area in Square Miles of the Free States.
California	155,980		New Hampshire	9,280
Connecticut	4,614		New York	47,000
Illinois	55,405		New Jersey	8,320
Indiana	33,809		Ohio	39,964
Iowa	50,914		Pennsylvania	46,000
Maine	31,766		Rhode Island	1,306
Massachusetts	7,800		Vermont	10,212
Michigan	56,243		Wisconsin	53,924
Total area of the Free States612,597
Area in Square Miles of the Slave States.
Alabama	50,722		Maryland	11,124
Arkansas	52,198		Mississippi	47,156
District of Columbia	60		Missouri	67,380
Delaware	2,120		North Carolina	50,704
Florida	59,268		South Carolina	29,385
Georgia	58,000		Tennessee	45,600
Kentucky	37,680		Texas	237,504
Louisiana	41,255		Virginia	61,352
Total area of the Slave States851,500
Area of the thirty-one states in square miles				1,464,105
Area of the territories in square miles.				1,472,061

POPULATION.

White population in the Free States	13,330,650
White population in the Slave States	6,222,418
Free colored population of Free States	196,016
Free colored population of Slave States	238,181
Slaves	3,204,313
Proportion of colored to white in Free States	1 to 68
Proportion of colored to white in Slave States	1 to 2

 

Free Colored in Free States

California	962		New Hampshire	520
Connecticut	7,693		New York	49,069
Illinois	5,436		New Jersey	23,810
Indiana	11,262		Ohio	25,279
Iowa	333		Pennsylvania	53,626
Maine	1,356		Rhode Island	3,670
Massachusetts	9,064		Vermont	718
Michigan	2,583		Wisconsin	635
Total196,016

 

Free Colored in Slave States.

Alabama	2,265		Maryland	74,723
Arkansas	608		Mississippi	930
District of Columbia	10,059		Missouri	2,618
Delaware	18,733		North Carolina	27,463
Georgia	2,932		South Carolina	8,960
Florida	932		Tennessee	6,422
Kentucky	10,011		Texas	397
Louisiana	17,462		Virginia	54,333
Total238,187

 

Slave Population.

Alabama	342,844		Maryland	90,368
Arkansas	47,100		Mississippi	309,878
District of Columbia	3,687		Missouri	87,422
Delaware	2,290		North Carolina	288,548
Georgia	381,682		South Carolina	384,984
Florida	39,310		Tennessee	239,459
Kentucky	210,981		Texas	58,161
Louisiana	244,809		Virginia	472,528
Total3,204,313

 

Mulatto Population of Free States.

California	87		New Hampshire	184
Connecticut	1,798		New Jersey	3,697
Illinois	2,506		New York	8,139
Indiana	5,321	Ohio	14,265
Iowa	155	Pennsylvania	15,841
Maine	461	Rhode Island	731
Massachusetts	2,340	Vermont	206
Michigan	1,118	Wisconsin	291
Total56,646

 

Mulatto Population of Slave States.

	Free	Slaves	Total
Alabama	1,698	21,605	23,303
Arkansas	401	6,361	6,768
District of Columbia	3,216	802	4,078
Delaware	1,648	83	1,731
Florida	703	3,022	3,725
Georgia	1,528	22,669	24,197
Kentucky	2,630	29,729	32,359
Louisiana	14,083	19,835	33,918
Maryland	13,614	1,889	21,503
Mississippi	635	19,130	20,365
Missouri	931	13,235	14,166
North Carolina	11,205	16,815	34,020
South Carolina	4,312	12,502	16,814
Tennessee	3,166	20,356	24,132
Texas	251	1,103	1,960
Virginia	35,416	44,299	19,115
Total	102,239	246,635	348,814

 

Mulatto population of Free States			56,646
Mulatto population of Slave States	Free	102,239
	Slave	246,635	348,814
White population of Free States	13,330,650
Mulatto population of Free States	56,646	Proportion 1 to 235
White population of Slave States	6,222,418
Mulatto population of Slave States	348,814	Proportion 1 to 18

 

Manumitted and Fugitive Slaves in 1850.

States	Manu mitted	Fugi tive		States	Manu mitted	Fugi tive
Alabama	16	29		Missouri	50	60
Arkansas	1	21		Mississippi	6	41
Delaware	211	26		North Carolina	2	64
Florida	22	18		South Carolina	2	16
Georgia	19	89		Tennessee	45	10
Kentucky	152	96		Texas	5	29
Louisiana	159	90		Virginia	218	83
Maryland	493	219		Total	1,461	1,011

On the schedules 1,467 slaves are returned in 1850 as emancipated in the slaveholding states during the previous year. The number of slaves who had absconded during the year 1849-50, and had not been heard from, was 1,011 by the reports.

Proportion of Fugitive Slaves	one in 3,200
Proportion of Manumitted Slaves	one in 2,200

 

In Maryland there was one fugitive in 320 slaves; in Virginia there was one in 5,695; in Missouri, one in 1,450; in Kentucky, one in 2,100; in Georgia, one in 2,700; and in Louisiana, one in 4,000.

 

Deaf and Dumb Slaves	531
Blind	1,387
Insane	327
Idiotic	1,182
Total	3,427

 

Occupations of Slaves.

Residents of Towns	400,000
Rural	2,804,313

Of the latter class 2,500,000 are directly employed in agriculture, including males and females, and persons of all ages. Slaves under 10 and over 60 years of age are seldom employed industrially. These 2,500,000 are distributed between the great staples of the south in something like the following proportions, bearing in mind that large quantities of breadstuffs are produced in addition:

 

Hemp	60,000
Rice	125,000
Sugar	150,000
Tobacco	350,000
Cotton, &c.	1,815,000

 

Number of Slave Holders.

Alabama	29,295		Maryland	16,040
Arkansas	5,999		Mississippi	23,116
District of Columbia	1,477		Missouri	19,185
Delaware	809		North Carolina	28,303
Florida	3,520		South Carolina	25,596
Georgia	38,456		Tennessee	33,864
Kentucky	38,385		Texas	7,747
Louisiana	20,670		Virginia	55,063
Total347,525

Proportion of Slave Holders to Non-Slave Holders in the Slave States.

States.	Slave Holders.	Non-Slave Holders.
Alabama	29,295	397,219
Arkansas	5,999	156,190
District of Columbia	1,417	36,464
Delaware	809	70,360
Florida	3,520	43,683
Georgia	38,456	483,116
Kentucky	38,385	723,028
Louisiana	20,670	234,821
Maryland	16,040	401,903
Mississippi	23,116	272,602
Missouri	19,185	572,819
North Carolina	28,303	524,725
South Carolina	25,596	248,967
Tennessee	33,864	722,972
Texas	7,747	146,287
Virginia	55,063	839,737
	———	———
	347,525	5,873,893

 

Representation in Congress Slave States.

States.	Slaves.	Free Colored.	White.	No. of Reps.
Alabama	342,844	2,265	426,514	7
Arkansas	47,100	608	162,189	2
Delaware	2,290	18,073	71,169	1
Florida	39,310	932	47,203	1
Georgia	381,682	2,932	521,572	8
Kentucky	210,981	10,011	761,413	10
Louisiana	244,809	17,462	255,491	4
Maryland	90,368	74,723	417,943	6
Mississippi	309,878	930	295,718	5
Missouri	87,422	2,618	592,004	7
North Carolina	288,548	27,463	553,028	8
South Carolina	384,984	8,960	274,563	6
Tennessee	239,459	6,422	756,836	10
Texas	58,161	397	154,034	2
Virginia	472,528	54,333	894,800	13
	———	———	———	—
	3,200,626	238,187	6,222,418	90

Representation in Congress.—Free States.

States.	Colored.	White.	No. of Reps.
California	962	91,635	2
Connecticut	7,693	363,099	4
Illinois	5,436	846,034	9
Indiana	11,262	977,154	11
Iowa	333	191,881	2
Maine	1,356	581,813	6
Massachusetts	9,064	985,450	11
Michigan	2,583	395,071	4
New Hampshire	520	317,456	3
New York	49,069	3,048,325	33
New Jersey	23,816	465,509	5
Ohio	25,279	1,955,050	21
Pennsylvania	53,626	2,258,160	25
Rhode Island	3,670	143,875	2
Vermont	718	313,402	3
Wisconsin	635	304,756	3
	196,016	13,330,650	144

Northern Representatives based on White Population	42
Northern Representatives based on Colored Population	2
Southern Representatives based on White Population	68
Southern Representatives based on Free Colored Population	2
Southern Representatives based on Slave Population	20
Ratio of Representation for 1853, 93,420

MORAL AND SOCIAL.

Religious Worship.

Slave States.	No. of Churches.	Value Church Property.	Church Accommodations.
Alabama	1,325	$1,131,616	440,155
Arkansas	362	89,315	60,226
District of Columbia	46	363,000	34,120
Delaware	180	340,345	55,741
Florida	177	165,400	44,960
Georgia	1,862	1,269,359	632,992
Kentucky	1,849	2,251,918	673,528
Louisiana	307	1,782,470	109615
Maryland	909	3,947,884	379,465
Mississippi	1,016	755,542	294,104
Missouri	909	1,587,410	264,979
North Carolina	1,787	905,573	574,924
South Carolina	1,182	2,172,246	460,450
Tennessee	2,027	1,216,201	628,495
Texas	328	206,930	64,155
Virginia	2,386	2,860,876	858,086
Totals	16,652	$22,142,085	5,575,995

 

Religious Worship.

Free States.	No. of Churches.	Value Church Property.	Church Accommodations.
California	28	$ 267,800	10,020
Connecticut	734	3,555,194	307,299
Illinois	1,223	1,482,185	486,576
Indiana	2,035	1,529,585	709,655
Iowa	207	177,425	43,529
Maine	945	1,725,845	321,167
Massachusetts	1,447	10,206,184	692,828
Michigan	399	723,600	120,117
New Hampshire	626	1,405,786	237,417
New Jersey	814	3,680,936	345,733
New York	4,169	21,219,207	1,915,179
Ohio	3,939	5,793,099	1,457,769
Pennsylvania	3,596	11,586,315	1,576,245
Rhode Island	231	1,254,400	102,040
Vermont	599	1,216,125	234,534
Wisconsin	365	353,900	97,773
Totals	21,357	$65,167,142,586	8,647,881

Estimated Educational Income in Slave States	6,819,808
Estimated Educational Income in Free States	10,902,308

 

Persons over 20 years of age who cannot Read and Write.

Slave States.	Whites.	Free Colored.	White & Free Colored.
			Native.	Foreign.	Aggregate.
Alabama	33,751	235	33,853	139	33,902
Arkansas	10,819	110	10,908	27	10,935
District of Columbia	1,457	3,214	4,349	322	4,671
Delaware	4,530	5,045	9,777	404	10,181
Florida	3,859	270	3,834	295	4,129
Georgia	41,200	407	41,201	400	41,007
Kentucky	66,087	3,019	07,359	2,347	09,706
Louisiana	21,221	3,389	18,339	6,271	24,610
Maryland	20,815	21,002	38,420	3,451	41,877
Mississippi	13,405	123	13,447	81	13,528
Missouri	36,281	497	34,917	1,861	30,778
North Carolina	73,500	0,857	80,083	340	80,423
South Carolina	15,084	880	10,460	104	10,564
Tennessee	77,522	1,097	78,114	505	78,019
Texas	10,525	58	8,095	2,488	10,583
Virginia	77,005	11,515	87,383	1,137	88,520
Totals	514,339	58,444	552,005	20,178	572,782

 

Persons over 20 years or age who cannot Read and Write.

Free States.	Whites.	Free Colored.	White & Free Colored.
			Native.	Foreign.	Aggregate.
California	5,118	117	2,318	2,917	5,235
Connecticut	4,739	567	1,293	4,013	5,306
Illinois	40,054	1,229	35,336	5,947	41,283
Indiana	70,540	2,170	09,445	3,265	72,710
Iowa	8,120	33	7,076	1,077	8,153
Maine	6,147	135	2,134	4,148	6,282
Massachusetts	27,539	806	1,861	26,484	28,345
Michigan	7,912	369	5,272	3,009	8,281
New Hampshire	2,957	52	945	2,064	3,009
New Jersey	14,248	4,417	12,787	5,878	18,605
New York	91,293	7,429	30,070	68,052	98,722
Ohio	61,030	4,990	56,958	9,062	66,020
Pennsylvania	66,928	9,344	51,283	24,989	76,272
Rhode Island	3,340	267	1,248	2,359	3,607
Vermont	6,189	51	010	5,024	6,240
Wisconsin	6,361	92	1,551	4,902	6,453
Totals	422,515	32,068	280,793	173,790	454,583

Lands appropriated by General Government for Educational Purposes to January 1, 1854.

Slave States.	Acres for Schools.	Acres for Universities.
Missouri	1,199,139	23,040
Alabama	902,774	23,040
Mississippi	837,584	23,040
Louisiana	786,044	46,080
Arkansas	886,460	46,080
Florida	908,503	46,080
Tennessee	3,553,824[1]	— — — —
	—————	—————
Total	9,074,328	207,360

 

Free States. Acres for Schools. Acres for Universites.

Ohio	704,488	23,040
Indiana	650,317	23,040
Illinois	978,755	23,040
Michigan	1,067,397	46,080
Iowa 905,	144	46,080
Wisconsin	958,648	46,080
California	6,719,324	46,080
	—————	—————
Total	11,984,073	253,440

 

Newspaper and Periodical Press.

Aggregate number of copies printed annually in Slave States	92,165,919
Aggregate number of copies printed annually in Free States	334,146,081

 

Libraries.

	Libraries.	Volumes.
Libraries other than Private in Slave States	722	742,794
Libraries other than Private in Free States	14,902	3,882,217

These Libraries include Public, School, Sunday School, College and Church.

CHARITIES.

 

Pauperism.— Whole Number of Persons June 1, 1850.

Slave States.	Native.	Foreign.	Total.
Alabama	306	9	315
Arkansas	67	— — —	67
Delaware	240	33	273
Florida	58	4	62
Georgia	825	29	854
Kentucky	690	87	777
Louisiana	76	30	106
Maryland	1,681	320	2,001
Mississippi	245	12	257
Missouri	251	254	505
North Carolina	1,567	13	1,580
South Carolina	1,118	180	1,293
Tennessee	577	14	594
Texas	4	— — —	4
Virginia	4,356	102	4,458
Totals	12,056	1,087	13,143

 

Free States.	Native.	Foreign.	Total
California	— — —	— — —	— — —
Connecticut	1,463	281	1,744
Illinois	279	155	434
Indiana	446	137	583
Iowa	27	17	44
Maine	3,209	326	3,535
Massachusetts	4,059	1,490	5,549
Michigan	248	181	429
New Hampshire	1,998	186	2,184
New Jersey	1,339	239	1,578
New York	5,755	7,078	12,833
Ohio	1,254	419	1,673
Pennsylvania	2,654	1,157	3,811
Rhode Island	492	204	696
Vermont	1,565	314	1,879
Wisconsin	72	166	238
	————	————	————
Totals	24,860	12,350	37,210

 

CRIMINAL STATISTICS.

Slave States. — Number in State Prisons and Penitentiaries:
Whites — Native	988
Foreign	370
Colored, including slaves	323
Total	1,681

Free States. — Number in State Prisons and Penitentiaries:

	Whites	—Native	2,271
		Foreign	1,129
	Colored	565	Total	3,965

 

INDUSTRY.

 

Farming Lands and Improvements.

Slave States.	Cash value of Farms and Plantations.	Value of Farming Implements and Machinery.
Alabama	$64,323,224	$5,125,663
Arkansas	15,265,245	1,601,296
District of Columbia	1,730,460	40,220
Delaware	18,880,031	510,279
Florida	6,323,109	658,795
Georgia	95,753,445	5,894,150
Kentucky	155,021,262	5,169,037
Louisiana	75,814,398	11,576,938
Maryland	87,178,545	2,463,443
Mississippi	54,738,634	5,762,927
Missouri	63,225,543	3,981,525
North Carolina	67,891,766	3,931,532
South Carolina	82,431,684	4,136,354
Tennessee	97,851,212	5,360,210
Texas	16,550,008	2,151,704
Virginia	216,401,543	7,021,762
	———————	——————
Totals	$1,119,380,109	$65,386,045

 

Farming Lands and Improvements.

Free States.	Cash value of Farms and Plantations	Value of Farming Implements and Machinery.
California	$3,874,041	$103,483
Connecticut	72,726,422	1,892,541
Illinois	96,133,290	6,405,561
Indiana	136,385,173	6.704,444
Iowa	16,657,567	1,172,869
Maine	54,861,748	2,284,557
Massachusetts	109,076,347	3,209,584
Michigan	51,872,446	2,891,371
New Hampshire	55,245,997	2,314,125
New Jersey	120,237,511	4,425,503
New York	554,546,642	22,084,926
Ohio	358,758,603	12,750,585
Pennsylvania	407,876,099	14,722,541
Rhode Island	17,070,802	497,201
Vermont	63,367,227	2,739,232
Wisconsin	28,528,563	1,641,568
	———————	——————
Totals	$2,147,218,478	$85,840,141

Manufactures, Mininq and Mechanic Arts.

Slave States	Capital Invested.	Raw Material used.	Annual Product.
Alabama	$3,450,006	$2,224,960	$4,528,878
Arkansas	324,065	263,564	607,436
District of Columbia	883,965	1,339,146	2,493,008
Delaware	2,973,945	2,864,607	4,649,296
Florida	547,060	220,611	668,335
Georgia	5,460,483	3,404,917	7,086,525
Kentucky	12,350,734	12,170,225	24,588,483
Louisiana	5,313,074	2,958,988	7,320,948
Maryland.	14,753,143	17,326,734	32,477,702
Mississippi	1,833,420	1,290,271	2,972,038
Missouri	9,079,695	12,446,733	23,749,265
North Carolina	7,252,225	4,805,463	9,111,245
South Carolina	6,056,865	2,809,534	7,063,513
Tennessee	6,975,279	4,900,952	9,728,438
Texas	539,290	394,642	1,165,538
Virginia	18,109,993	18,103,433	29,705,387
	——————	——————	——————
Totals	$95,918,842	$87,529,785	167,906,035

 

Manufactures, Mining and Mechanic Arts.

Free States.	Capital Invested.	Raw Material used.	Annual Product.
California	$1,006,197	$1,201,154	$12,862,522
Connecticut	23,890,348	23,589,397	45,110,102
Illinois	6,385,387	8,915,173	45,110,102
Indiana	7,941,602	10,214,337	18,922,651
Iowa	1,292,875	2,356,881	3,551,783
Maine	14,700,452	13,555,806	24,664,135
Massachusetts	83,357,642	85,856,771	151,137,145
Michigan	6,534,250	6,105,561	10,976,894
New Hampshire	18,242,114	12,745,466	23,164,503
New Jersey	22,184,730	21,992,186	39,713,586
New York	99,904,405	134,655,674	237,597,249
Ohio	29,019,538	34,677,937	62,647,259
Pennsylvania	94,473,810	87,206,377	155.044.910
Rhode Island	12,923,176	13,183,889	22.093.258
Vermont	5,001,377	4,173,552	8,570,920
Wisconsin	3,382,148	5,414,931	9,293,068
	——————	——————	——————
Totals	$431,290,351	$467,125,253	$845,430,428

 

Rail Roads and Canals in 1854.

	Miles of Canals	Miles of Railroads.	Cost of Railroads
Slave States	1,116	4,212	$92,620,204
Free States	3,682	13,105	$396,980,924

Real and Personal Estate.

Slave States.	Real Estate	Personal Estate including Slaves.	Total.
Alabama	$78,870,718	$162,463,705	$241,334,423
Arkansas	17,372,524	19,056,151	36,428,675
District of Columbia	14,409,413	1,774,342	16,183,755
Delaware	14,486,595	1,410,275	15,896,870
Florida	7,924,588	15,274,146	23,198,734
Georgia	121,619,739	213,490,486	335,110,225
Kentucky	177,013,407	114,374,147	291,387,554
Louisiana	176,623,654	49,832,464	226,456,118
Maryland	139,026,610	69,536,956	208,563,566
Mississippi	65,171,438	143,250,729	208,422,167
Missouri	66,802,223	36,793,240	98,595,463
North Carolina	71,702,740	140,368,673	212,071,413
South Carolina	105,737,492	178,130,217	283,867,709
Tennessee	107,981,793	87,299,565	195,281,358
Texas	28,149,671	25,414,000	53,563,671
Virginia	252,105,824	130,198,429	383,304,253
Totals	$1,444,998,429	$1,383,667,525	$2,828,665,954

 

Real and Personal Estate.

Free States.	Real Estate.	Personal Estate.	Total.
California	$16,347,442	$5,575,731	$21,923,173
Connecticut	96,412,947	22,675,725	119,088,672
Illinois	81,524,835	33,257,810	114,782,645
Indiana	112,947,740	39,922,659	152,870,399
Iowa	15,672,332	6,018,310	21,690,642
Maine	64,336,119	32,463,434	96,799,553
Massachusetts	349,129,932	201,976,892	551,106,824
Michigan	25,580,371	5,296,852	30,877,223
New Hampshire	67,839,108	27,412,488	95,251,596
New Jersey	153,151,619	30,000,000	183,151,619
New York	564,649,649	150,719,379	715,369,028
Ohio	337,521,075	96,351,557	433,872,632
Pennsylvania	427,865,660	72,410,191	500,275,851
Rhode Island	54,358,231	23,400,743	77,758,974
Vermont	57,320,369	15,660,114	72,980,483
Wisconsin	22,468,442	4,257,083	26,715,525
Totals	$2,447,115,871	$9767,398,968	$3,214,514,839

Value of Real Estate in Free States	$2,447,115,871
Value of Real Estate in Slave States	1,444,998,429
Value of Personal Estate in Free States	$767,398,968
Value of Personal Estate in Slave States including Slaves	1,383,667,525
Value of Personal Estate in Slave States excluding Slaves	422,373,625
Total value of Real and Personal Estate in Free States	$3,214,514,839
Total value of Real and Personal Estate in Slave States including Slaves	$2,828,665,954
Total value Real and Personal Estate in Slave States excluding Slaves	$1,867,372,054

Estimated average value of Slaves, in above calculation, $300.

 

Slave Labor Products in 1850.

Cotton	$98,603,720
Tobacco	13,982,686
Cane Sugar	12,378,850
Hemp	5,000,000
Rice	4,000,000
Molasses	2,540,179
——————
$136,505,435

 

Slave Population in America.

In	United States	3,204,313
"	Brazil	3,250,000
"	Spanish Colonies	900,000
"	Dutch Colonies	85,000
"	South American Republics	140,000

 

1. Forty thousand dollars of proceeds to be applied to establish and support a College.