The Part Taken by Women in American History/Playwrights and Authors
Playwrights.
At the organization of the Women's Playwright Club, of New York City, there were forty women eligible for admission. This vocation for women is especially an American institution. In no other country are there so many who have obtained recognition in a field where the compensation is the same for women as for men. The New Theatre when opened made its bow to the public with a play from the pen of an American woman.
Mary Hunter Austin, the newest woman dramatist, has spent the greater part of her life in the West, and many of her plays deal with the border life.
Margaret Mayo is another successful playwright, who was the author of "Baby Mine" and "Polly of the Circus," two of the biggest New York successes. In private life Miss Mayo is the wife of Edgar Selwyn, a successful writer and playwright of distinction. He is the author of "The Country Boy."
Kate Douglas Wiggin, whose writings we are all familiar with, dramatized her "Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm."
Charlotte Thompson made a most successful dramatization of "The Awakening of Helena Richie," in which Margaret Anglin starred.
Another successful playwright is the author of "The Nest Egg"—Anne Caldwell, who has been an actress, opera singer, musician, composer, magazine and newspaper writer.
The music of "The Top of the World" is her composition, position.
Another talented writer of plays is Rida Johnson Young, who in five years has successfully produced "Brown of Harvard," 'The Boys of Company B," "Glorious Betsey," "The Lottery Man," as well as two plays for Chauncey Olcott. One of the New York successes, "Naughty Marietta," was written by her, Victor Herbert writing the music. Mrs. Young is the wife of Mr. James Young, leading man, who has appeared with E. H. Sothern. He was formerly a newspaper man on the staff of a daily newspaper of Baltimore, Md. Mrs. Young before her marriage was Rida Johnson.
Lottie Blair Parker is another successful professional woman, whose husband, Harry Doel Parker, attends entirely to the production and the leasing of her plays. "Way Down East," written in 1897, is still being played throughout the country. "Under Southern Skies" is another one from her pen. Among others by this same author are "A War Correspondent," "The Lights of Home," a dramatization of "The Redemption of David Corson," a number of one-act plays, and a novel entitled "Homespun."
Miss Alice Ives, the author of "The Village Postmaster," has done every phase of literary work, art criticisms, music notes, deep articles for the Forum and similar magazines, as well as some light verse. She has written ten plays. "The Village Postmaster" was on the road for ten successive seasons. Miss Ives wrote a clever one-act play, a satire on women's clubs, introducing all the famous women characters of popular plays. She is the first vice-president of the Society of Women Dramatists, to which all these playwrights belong.
The pioneer playwright of her sex is Miss Martha Morton. Some dozen years ago, the New York World offered prizes for the cleverest scenarios to be submitted under assumed names. It was a general surprise when a woman secured one of the prizes. This successful person was Miss Morton. Some of the most distinguished American actors have appeared in her plays, the best known of which are, "Brother John," "His Wife's Father," and "A Bachelor's Romance." Miss Morton was the first vice-president of the Society of Dramatic Authors. Off the stage she is Mrs. Herman Conheim, and is one of the most popular dramatists in New York City.
Another successful prize winner, who ultimately made this her profession, was Mrs. Martha Fletcher Bellinger, a graduate of Mount Holyoke. The title of her scenario was "A Woman's Sphere."
Mrs. Mary Rider Mechtold, also a college woman and successful winner of newspaper prizes, wrote her first plays when she was still a student at the Chicago University. She is the author of a clever play, "The Little Lady."
The thousand-dollar prize offered by the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre in England a year or two ago was won by an American woman, Josephine Preston Peabody. The contest for the best play in English verse dealing with a romantic subject was won by a graduate of Radcliffe. It is said that this college has long been famous for its unusually clever plays, in which its students take part.
Beulah Dix is also a graduate of Radcliffe. She was author of "Hugh Gwyeth." She collaborated with Evelyn Greenleaf in a number of successful plays, "The Rose o' Plymouth Town," and "The Road to Yesterday."
Another Radcliffe graduate, who has become a successful playwright, is Agnes Morgan, who wrote "When Two Write History."
Another is Rebecca Lane Hooper. Miss Hooper not only stages these performances herself, but has often played comedy roles.
The exception to the rule of directors for theatrical performances, which are usually men, is Miss Edith Ellis, author of "Mary Jane's Pa," one of the most successful plays produced. She began her career as a child actress. She is one of the few successful stage managers, and has frequently strengthened lines in places and made a possible success from what seemed an inevitable failure.
Rachel Crothers is another who supervises much of the rehearsing of her own plays. She began her authorship of plays while a teacher in the Wheatcroft School of Acting. Among her plays are "The Coming of Mrs. Patrick," "Myself Bettina," and "The Inferior Sex," which were written for Maxine Elliott. "The Man on the Box" was dramatized by Grace Livingston Furniss, who with the late Abby Sage Richardson dramatized "The Pride of Jennico." Since then she has written a number of other plays, including, "Mrs. Jack," "The Colonial Girl," and "Gretna Green."
Frances Hodgson Burnett writes her books and then dramatizes them. This she has done most successfully in the case of "Little Lord Fauntleroy," "The Little Princess," "A Lady of Quality," "That Lass o' Lowries," "The Pretty Sister of Jose," and "The Dawn of a To-morrow."
Harriet Ford has successfully dramatized many books, among them: "The Gentleman of France," "Audrey," and with Mr. Joseph Medill Patterson, she wrote the most successful play of last season (1910-1911), "The Fourth Estate." This play brought forth more favorable comment and discussion from the press than any other produced.
Miss Mary Roberts Rinehart has written three plays, two of which were in co-authorship, "Double Life," "The Avenger," and "Seven Days." Her husband, Dr. Stanley Rinehart, contributed to "The Avenger," and Avery Hapgood to "Seven Days." This was one of the season's successes.
Two successful playwrights, Pauline Phelps and Marion Short, have formed a partnership and turned out a number of most successful plays. Miss Phelps, a country girl, deals with life in the country, and Miss Short, with city life and its problems. Their greatest success is "The Grand Army Man," in which David Warfield starred last season. They are also the authors of "The Girl from Out Yonder," "At Cozy Corners," "Sweet Clover," the latter used largely for stock companies.
Anne Warner's "Rejuvenation of Aunt Mary" is familiar to everyone.
Frances Aymar Matthews, as well as being a successful dramatist, is a writer of poetry and books. One of her plays, "Julie Bon Bon," was starred by Clara Lipman.
Among others that may be mentioned are : Cora Maynard, Kate Jordan, and Mrs. Doremus.
MARY W. CALKINS.
Miss Calkins is head of the Department of Philosophy and Psychology at Wellesley College. She was born in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1863, and is the daughter of Wolcott and Charlotte Grosvenor Whiton Calkins. Miss Calkins is a graduate of Smith College of the Class of 1885, where she received the degrees of A.B. and A.M. She has written several books on psychology and numerous monographs and papers on psychological and philosophical questions.
VIDA D. SCUDDER.
Miss Scudder is to-day professor of English at Wellesley College and a well-known writer on literary and social topics. She was born in Southern India, December 15, 1861, and is the daughter of David Coit and Harriet L. Dutton Scudder. She received the degree of A.B. at Smith College in 1884 and that of A.M. in 1889, graduated at Oxford and Paris, and was the originator of the College Settlement in New York City. She is the author of "The Life of the Spirit in Modern English Poets," "Social Ideals in English Letters," "Introduction to the Study of English Literature" and "Selected Letters of Saint Catherine," and was the editor of Macaulay's "Lord Give," and also of the introduction to the writings of John Ruskin, Shelly's "Prometheus Unbound," works of John Woolman and Everybody's Library.
HANNAH ADAMS.
Miss Adams is believed to be the first woman in the United States to make literature a profession. She was born in Medfield, Massachusetts, in 1755, and died in Brookline, Mass., November 15, 1832. She was the daughter of a well-to do farmer, of good education and culture. In her childhood she was very fond of writing and a close student, memorizing the works of Milton, Pope, Thomson, Young and others. She was a good Latin and Greek scholar and instructed divinity students who made their home in her family. In 1772, her father losing his property, the children were forced to provide for themselves. During the Revolutionary War, Miss Adams had taught school and after the close of the war she opened a school to prepare young men for college, which was very successful. She wrote quite extensively. One of her books, "A View of Religious Opinions" appeared in 1784, and passed through several editions in the United States and was also published in England and became a standard work. In 1799 she published her second work, "A History of England," and in 1801 "Evidences of Christianity." In 1812, her "History of the Jews" appeared, being followed by "A Controversy with Dr. Morse," and in 1826 "Letters on the Gospels." She spent a quiet, secluded life, and it is said her only journeys were trips from Boston to Nahant and from Boston to Chelmsford. Notwithstanding the many books which she published, her business abilities seemed to have been very limited and in the last years of her life she was supported by an annuity settled upon her by three wealthy residents of Boston. She was buried at Mount Auburn, being the first person buried in that beautiful cemetery.
LYDIA MARIA CHILD.
Lydia Maria Francis was born in Medford, Massachusetts, February II, 1802. Her ancestor, Richard Francis, came from England in 1636 and settled in Cambridge, where his tombstone may be still seen in the burial ground. Her paternal grandfather, a weaver by trade, was in the Concord fight. Her father, Convers Francis, was a baker, first in West Cambridge, then in Medford, where he first introduced the article of food still known as "Medford crackers." He was a man of strong character and great industry. Though without much cultivation he had an uncommon love of reading and his anti-slavery convictions were deeply rooted and must have influenced his child's later career. He married Susanah Rand, of whom it is only recorded that "She had a simple, loving heart and a spirit busy in doing good." They had six children of whom Lydia Maria was the youngest. While her brother Convers was fitting for college she was his faithful companion, though more than six years younger. They read together and she was constantly bringing him Milton and Shakespeare to explain so that it may well be granted that the foundation of Miss Lydia's intellectual attainments was laid in this companionship. Apart from her brother's help the young girl had, as was then usual, a very subordinate share of educational opportunities, attending only the public schools with one year at the private seminary of Miss Swan, in Medford. In 1819 Convers Francis was ordained for the first parish, in Watertcwn, and there occurred in his city, in 1824, an incident which was to determine the whole life of his sister. Doctor G. G. Palfrey had written in the North American Review, for April, 1821, a "Review" of the now forgotten poem of "Yamoyden," in which he ably pointed out the use that might be made of early American History for the purpose of fictitious writing. Miss Francis read this article at her brother's house one summer Sunday morning. Before attending afternoon service she wrote the first chapter of a novel. It was soon finished and was published that year, then came "Hobomak," a tale of early times.
In juding of this little book it is to be remembered that it marked the very dawn of American imaginative literature. Irving had printed only his "Sketchbook"; Cooper only "Precaution." This new production was the hurried work of a young woman of nineteen, an Indian tale by one who had scarcely even seen an Indian. Accordingly "Hobomak" now seems very crude in execution, very improbable in plot and is redeemed only by a sincere attempt at local coloring.
The success of this first effort was, however, such as to encourage the publication of a second tale in the following year. This was "The Rebels; The Boston before the Revolution, by the Author of Hobomak." It was a great advance on its predecessor, and can even be compared, favorably, with Cooper's Revolutionary novels.
In October, 1828, Miss Francis married David Lee Child, a lawyer of Boston. In that day it seemed to be held necessary for American women to work their passage into literature by first completing some kind of cookery book, so Mrs. Child published in 1829 her "Frugal Housewife," a book which proved so popular that in 1855 it had reached its thirty-third edition.
The "Biographies of Good Wives" reached a fifth edition in the course of time as did her "History of Woman," and in 1833 Mrs. Child was brought to one of those bold steps which made successive eras of her literary life—the publication of her "Appeal for that Class of Americans called Africans." It was just at the most dangerous moment of the rising storm of the slavery question that Mrs. Child wrote this and it brought down upon her unending censure. It is evident that this result was not unexpected for the preface to the book explicitly recognizes the probable dissatisfaction of the public. She says, "I am fully aware of the unpopularity of the task I have undertaken; but though I expect ridicule and censure, I cannot fear them. Should it be the means of advancing, even one single hour, the inevitable progress of truth and justice, I would not exchange the consciousness for all Rothschild's wealth or Sir Walter's fame." These words have in them a genuine ring; and the book is really worthy of them. The tone is calm and strong, the treatment systematic, the points well put, the statements well guarded.
It was the first anti-slavery work ever printed in America and it appears to be the ablest, covering the whole ground better than any other. During the next year she published the "Oasis," also about this time appeared from her hand the "Anti-slavery Catechism" and a small book called "Authentic Anecdotes of American Slavery."
While seemingly absorbed in reformatory work she still kept an outlook in the direction of pure literature and was employed for several years on "Philothea," which appeared in 1836. The scene of this novel was laid in Greece, and in spite of the unpopularity that Mrs. Child's slavery appeal had created it went through three editions.
In 1841 Mr. and Mrs. Child were engaged by the American Anti-Slavery Standard, a weekly newspaper published in New York. Mr. Child's health being impaired his wife undertook the task alone and conducted the newspaper in that manner for two years, after which she aided her husband in the work, remaining there for eight years. She was a very successful editor. Her management proved efficient while her cultivated taste made the Standard pleasing to many who were not attracted by the plainer fare of the Liberator. During all this period she was a member of the family of the well-known Quaker philanthropist, Isaac T. Hopper, whose biographer she afterwards became. This must have been the most important and satisfactory time in Mrs. Child's whole life. She was placed where her sympathetic nature found abundant outlet and earnest co-operation. Here she also found an opportunity for her best eloquence in writing letters to the Distant Courier. This was the source of "Letters from New York," that afterwards became famous. They were the precursors of that modern school of newspaper correspondence in which women now have so large a share, and which has something of the charm of women's private letters.
Her last publication, and perhaps her favorite among the whole series, appeared in 1867—"A Romance of the Republic." It was received with great cordiality and is in some respects her best fictitious work. In later life Mrs. Child left New York and took up her abode in Wayland, Massachusetts. She outlived her husband six years and died October 20, 1880.
ALMIRA LINCOLN PHELPS.
There were but two among all the early distinguished literary women of America who had the honor of being members of the American Association for the advancement of science, and these two women were Maria Mitchell and Almira Lincoln Phelps,—one from the North and one from the South. Mrs. Phelp's father, Samuel Harte, was a descendant of Thomas Hooker, the first minister of Hartford and founder of Connecticut. She was the youngest child and was born in Berlin, Connecticut, in 1793, educated at Pittsfield, Massachusetts, and later married to Simeon Lincoln, editor of the Connecticut Mirror, in Hartford. She was early left a widow with two children. Finding the estates of both her husband and father insolvent, she took up the study of Latin and Greek, the natural sciences, art of drawing and painting, in order to perfect herself for the work which she had in comtemplation, namely, the education of the young. She was a student under Miss Willard for seven years. In 1831, she married Honorable John Phelps, a distinguished lawyer and statesman of Vermont. In 1839 she accepted a position at the head of the female seminary at West Chester, Pennsylvania. In 1841 she and her husband established the Patapsco Female Institute of Maryland. Pupils came to them from all parts of the West and South. In 1849 she was again left a widow. In 1855 her daughter's death so saddened her that she resigned her position and removed to the city of Baltimore. Her best known works are: "Lectures on Botany," "Botany for Beginners," "Lectures on Chemistry." "Chemistry for Beginners," "Lectures on Natural Philosophy," "Philosophy for Beginners," "Female Students," "A Fireside Friend," "A Juvenile Story," "Geology for Beginners," "Translation of the Works of Benedicte de Saussure," "Progressive Education," with a mothers' journal by Mrs. Willard and Mrs. Phelps, "Ada Norman, or Trials and Their Uses," "Hours with My Pupils," and "Christian Households." She probably had as much to do with the education of the young of this country as any woman, her works having been largely used in the schools.
SARAH BUELL (MRS. DAVID HALE).
Author and magazine editor, was born in Newport, New Hampshire. When a young girl, the first regular novel she read was "Mysteries of Udolpho," which, noting it was written by a woman, awakened in her an ardent desire to become an author herself. Her first work, however, was a small volume of fugitive poetry ; then "Northward," in two volumes. Her first novel was issued in 1827. Afterwards she was given charge of the editorial department of the Lady's Magazine, then published in Boston. In 1837 the Lady's Magazine united with the Lady's Book, published by Godey, in Philadelphia, and in 1841 Mrs. Hill removed to that city editing the double magazine. She has written a large number of books. The most notable of these are "Sketches of American Character," "Traits of American Life," "Flora's Interpreter," "The Lady's Wreath," a selection from the familiar poets of England and America; "The Way to Live Well and be Well While You Live," "Grosvenor," "Alice Ray," a romance in rhyme; "Harry Guy," "The Widow's Son," a story of the sea; "Three Hours or Vigils of Love," and other poems, and, finally, "Woman's Regret."
LYDIA HUNTLY SIGOURNEY.
Born in Norwich, Connecticut, September 1, 1791, and died in Hartford, Connecticut, June 10, 1865; was the daughter of Ezekiel Huntly, a soldier of the Revolution. It is said that she wrote verses at the age of seven. She taught a private girls' school in Hartford for five years, and in 1815 published her first volume "Moral Pieces in Prose and Verse." In 1819 she became the wife of Charles Sigourney, a gentleman of literary and artistic tastes, a resident of Hartford. After her marriage she devoted herself to literature. She wrote forty-six separate works, besides two thousand articles, which she contributed to about three hundred periodicals. She was a favorite poetess in England and France, as well as in her own country. Mrs. Sigourney was always an active worker in charity and philanthropy. Her best known works are "Letters to Young Ladies," "Pocahontas, and Other Poems," and "Pleasant Memories of Pleasant Lands."
LUCRETIA MARIA DAVIDSON.
Lucretia Maria Davidson was born in Plattsburg, New York, September 27, 1808, and was the daughter of Dr. Oliver Davidson, a lover of science. Her mother, Margaret Davidson, whose maiden name was Miller, came of a good family and had received the best education that times afforded at the school of the celebrated Scotch lady, Isabella Graham, in New York City. The family of Miss Davidson lived in seclusion. Their pleasures were intellectual. Her mother suffered for years from ill health. Miss Davidson was delicate from infancy. When eighteen months old, she suffered from typhus fever which threatened her life. Her first literary acquisition indicated her after course. Her application to her studies at school was intense. Her early poems were of great merit. While devoting her time and attention to her invalid mother, she wrote many beautiful poems, the best known of which is her "Amir Khan" and a tale of some length called "The Recluse of Saranac." "Amir Khan" has long been before the public. Its versification is graceful and the story of orientalism beautifully developed and well sustained; as a production of a girl of fifteen it is considered prodigious. Many of her poems are addressed to her mother. "The Fear of Madness" was written by her while confined to her bed and was the last piece she ever wrote. The records of the last scenes of Lucretia Davidson's life are scanty. Her poetical writings which have been collected amount in all to 278 pieces of various length. The following tribute paid her by Mr. Southey is from the London Quarterly Review, whose scant praise of American productions is well known. "In these poems ("Amir Khan," etc.) there is enough of originality, enough of aspiration, enough of conscientious energy, enough of growing power to warrant any expectations, however sanguine, which the patron and the friends and parents of the deceased could have formed." Her death occurred August 27, 1825, in Plattsburg, New York.
JULIA WARD HOWE.
Few women of America enjoy greater fame than Julia Ward Howe, the author of the "Battle Hymn of the Republic." She can be classed as an essayist, poetess, philanthropist, and public speaker. She was born in New York City, May 27, 1819. Her parents were Samuel and Julia Cuttler Ward. She included among her ancestors some of the descendants of the Huguenots, the Marions of South Carolina, Governor Sam Ward of Rhode Island, and Roger Williams, the apostle of religious tolerance. Her father being a banker and a man of means gave her every advantage of education and accomplishment. In 1843 she married Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe, and they spent some time abroad. In 1852 she published her first volume of poems; in 1853 a drama in blank verse, and during the war other works and patriotic songs. In 1867 while she and her husband were visitors in Greece they won the affection and gratitude of the people by aiding them in their struggle for national independence. In 1868 she took an active part in the suffrage movement. She preached, wrote and lectured for many years. She died in the summer of 1910, but her fame will ever be linked with the "Battle Hymn of the Republic."
LOUISA M. ALCOTT.
No name is more beloved among the girls of America of former days and present times than that of Louisa May Alcott, the author of "Little Women," a book dear to the heart of every American girl. Miss Alcott was born in Germantown, Pennsylvania, November 29, 1832. Her parents were charming, cultivated people. Her father, Amos Bronson Alcott, became a teacher. He taught in Boston for eleven years, Margaret Fuller being one of his assistants. The atmosphere of the Alcott home was always one of culture and refinement, though their life was one of extreme simplicity. Whittier, Phillips, Garrison, Mrs. Hawthorne, Emerson, Thoreau and Oliver Wendell Holmes were frequent guests. Louisa was the eldest child, full of activity and enthusiasm, constantly in trouble from her frankness and lack of policy, but enjoying many friends from her generous heart, and it has not been difficult to recognize the picture of herself in the character of Joe in "Little Women." In this little home in Concord were enacted many of the scenes, sports and amusements pictured in Miss Alcott's stories. At sixteen she began to teach school, having but twenty pupils, and to these she told many of the stories which were later woven into her books. Her restless disposition gave her many occupations; sometimes she acted as a governess, sometimes she did sewing, and again writing. At nineteen she published one of her early stories in Gleason's Pictorial. For this she received five dollars. Later appeared "The Rival Prima Donna," and though she received but ten dollars for this, the request from the editor for another story was more to her than a larger check would have been. Another story appeared in the Saturday Evening Gazette. This was announced in the most sensational way by means of large yellow posters which spread terror to Miss Alcott's heart. Finding, however, that sensational stories paid, she turned them out at the rate of ten or twelve a month. But she soon tired of this unstable kind of fame, and she began work upon a novel which appeared under the name of "Moods" but was not a success. At this time the Civil War broke out. She offered herself as a nurse in the hospitals and was accepted, just after the defeat at Fredericksburg. After a time she became ill from overwork and was obliged to return home, and in 1865 published her hospital sketches, which made it possible for her to take a rest by a trip to Europe. Here she met many of the distinguished writers of her day. In 1868 her father submitted a collection of her stories to her publishers who declined them, and asked for a single story for girls, which was the occasion for the writing of "Little Women." It was simply the story of herself and her three sisters and she became at once famous. Girls from all over the country wrote her. When "Little Men" was announced, fifty thousand copies were ordered in advance of its publication. Among her other stories are those entitled, "Shawl Straps," "Under the Lilacs," "Aunt Jo's Scrap-Bag," "Jack and Jill," and the greatest after "Little Women," "An Old-Fashioned Girl." Most of her stories were written in Boston and depict her life in Concord. Miss Alcott's devotion to her sex made her a strong supporter of the women's suffrage movement, no one has done more for the women of her own generation than she. The pleasure which her books have given, and will ever continue to give, make her one of the most beloved of our American literary women. Miss Alcott died in Boston, March 6, 1888.
MARY VIRGINIA TERHUNE.
Mrs. Terhune is more familiar to the public under the pen name of "Marion Harland." She was born December 21, 1831, in Amelia County, Vir ginia, her father Samuel P. Hawes, having removed there from Massachusetts. In 1856 she was married to Rev. E. P. Terhune, and since 1859 has lived in the North, but her stories have dealt largely with Southern life. She wrote her book "The Story of Mary Washington" to get funds to aid in the effort to erect a monument to the mother of Washington, which was unveiled on May 10, 1894. She has been a most industrious writer. Among her works are "Alone," "Nemesis," "The Hidden Path," "Miriam," "Husks," "Husbands and Home," "Sunnybank," "Helen Gardner's Wedding Day," "At Last," "The Empty Heart," "Common Sense in the Household." Her novel "Sunnybank" was very severely criticised by Southern editors, when it appeared soon after the Civil War. Mrs. Terhune's younger brothers were in the Confederate Army.
Mrs. Terhune has three children, with all of whom she has collaborated in literary work.
ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS WARD.
Mrs. Ward was born in Andover, Massachusetts, August 31, 1844, and inherited literary talent from both of her parents. Her mother was the writer of a number of stories for children, and her father, Rev. Austin Phelps, a professor of sacred rhetoric in the Theological Seminary of Andover, was the writer of many lectures which in book form have become classics and to-day are accepted text-books. At the age of thirteen Mrs. Ward made her first literary venture in a story which was accepted by the Youths' Companion. Her first novel, "Gates Ajar," 1869, met with unprecedented success. In 1888, she married Rev. Herbert D. Ward, and with him has written several novels, the most important of which are, "The Last of the Magicans," "Come Forth," "A Singular Life," and what she regards as her most important work, "The Story of Jesus Christ," which appeared in 1897. Some of Mrs. Ward's books are, "Ellen's Idol," "Up Hill," "A Singular Life," "The Gipsy Series," "Mercy Glidden's Works," "I Don't Know How," "Men, Women and Ghosts," "The Silent Partner," "Walled In," "The Story of Avis," "My Cousin and I," "The Madonna of the Tubs," "Sealed Waters," "Jack, the Fisherman," "The Master of Magicians," and many sketches, stories and poems for magazines.
FRANCES HODGSON BURNETT.
DISTINGUISHED WOMEN POETS.
two girls to pay for the mailing of the manuscript to Ballon's Magazine. As the publisher did not wish to pay for the printing of the story, which he had complimented in his letter to Frances, it was returned and sent to Godey's Ladies' Book, and from this source she received her first remuneration. Later she became a regular contributor to Peterson's Magazine and the publication of "Mrs. Carruther's Engagement" and another story entitled "Hearts and Diamonds" fixed the author's vocation. In 1873, she married Swan Moses Burnett. They had two children, the heroes of "Little Lord Fauntleroy," Mrs. Burnett's most famous story. The one named Lionel died in Paris, Vivian was the little Lord Fauntleroy of her story. "That Lass o' Lowrie's," "Pretty Polly Pemberton," "The Fair at Grantley Mills," "A Fair Barbarian" and "A Lady of Quality," are some of Mrs. Burnett's novels. Among her plays are : "Little Lord Fauntleroy," "The First Gentleman of Europe" and "A Lady of Quality." Her work has brought to Mrs. Burnett quite a handsome fortune. She now makes her home in England.
SARAH ORNE JEWETT.
Was born in South Berwick, Maine, on September 3, 1849. Her father was Dr. Theodore Herman Jewett, a physician, and her mother was the daughter of Dr. Perry of Exeter, also a prominent physician of that section of New England. Most of the characters and life of the people in her story have been taken from the simple New England life about the little village of Berwick. She frequently went about with her father on his errands of mercy and through these was enabled to gain much data for her stories. Her father was the hero of "A Country Doctor" from her pen. She first wrote short stories for the Atlantic Monthly, and it is said was but fourteen years of age when she wrote "Lucy Garron's Lovers." Her first great success was "Deephaven" which appeared in 1877. Lowell and Whittier were among her friends and admirers as a writer. Whittier attended the Friends' meeting in Berwick, and it was here Miss Jewett met him. The old sea-faring life of these New England towns has been preserved to us by Miss Jewett. Her grandfather was a sea captain, and in his home she met and enjoyed the companionship and heard the tales of this old sea captain's friends. Miss Jewett died in 1909.
MRS. BURTON HARRISON.
Was before her marriage Constance Cary, of Virginia, and on her father's side she is descended from Colonel Miles Carey of Devonshire, England, who emigrated to America and settled in Virginia about the middle of the seventeenth century, and during the rule of Sir William Berkeley was one of the king's council. Her father, Archibald Cary, of Cary's Brook, Virginia, was the son of Virginia Randolph, who was the ward and pupil of Thomas Jefferson and sister of his son-in-law, Thomas Mann Randolph. Her mother was the youngest daughter of Thomas Fairfax, Baron of Cameron, who resided upon a large plantation in Fairfax, Virginia. It is said Mrs. Harrison inherits her literary taste from her grandmother on her father's side, Mrs. Wilson Jefferson Cary, who was herself a writer, and whose father's writings exerted quite an influence over Thomas Jefferson. Mrs. Harrison's first story was written when she was but seventeen years of age. The Civil War brought an end to her literary aspirations and the loss of her home necessitated her mother and herself living abroad for some years. After her return to this country she married Burton Harrison, a prominent member of the New York Bar. Charles A. Dana was a great friend of Mrs. Harrison and gave her the agreeable task of editing "Monticello Letters," and from this she gleaned the matter which was the basis of her story, "The Old Dominion." Some of the stories that she has written are : "Helen of Troy," "The Old-Fashioned Fairy Book," "Short Comedies for American Players," a translation; "The Anglomaniacs," "Flower-de-Hundred," "Sweet Bells Out of Tune," "A Bachelor Maid," "An Errant Wooing," "A Princess of the Hills," "A Daughter of the South." Mrs. Harrison resides in New York, and is still busy with her pen.
MARY N. MURFREE.
"Charles Egbert Craddock."
ANNA KATHARINE GREEN ROHLFS.
Was born in Brooklyn, New York, on November II, 1846, and was thirty-two years of age when her famous story, "The Leavenworth Case" was published. Her father was a famous lawyer, and from him she is supposed to have gained the knowledge which she had in handling the details of this story. It was questioned for some time, although her maiden name, Anna Katharine Green, was signed to the story, whether it was possible that this story could have been written by a woman. She was a graduate of the Ripley Female College in Poultney, Vermont, and received the degree of B.A. In her early days she wrote poems, but her fame has come from her detective stories. "The Affair Next Door," "The Filigree Ball," and other stories from her pen are well known. In November, 1884, she became Mrs. Charles Rohlfs.
MOLLY ELLIOT SEAWELL.
Miss Seawell's uncle was an officer in the United States navy before the Civil War, and served in the Confederate Army with distinction during the entire war. From him she heard the tales of our early navy which gave her inspiration to write her nautical sketches. Some of these are "Decatur and Somers," "Paul Jones," "Midshipman Paulding," "Quarter-deck," "Fo'c'sle," and "Little Jarvis," the latter winning the prize of five hundred dollars for the best story for boys offered by the Youths' Companion, in 1890. She was a constant reader of Shakespeare, Rousseau and other writers. Byron, Shelley, Thackeray, Macaulay, Jane Austen, Boswell's "Johnson" all formed a part of her home education. In 1895, she received a prize of $3,000 from the New York Herald for the best novelette, "The Sprightly Romance of Marsac." Her "Maid Marian" is a well-known and an amusing story of the Knickerbocker element of New York.
AMELIA E. BARR.
Among the foremost of American writers is Amelia Barr. She was born in Ulverston, Lancashire, England, in 183 1. Her maiden name was Amelia Edith Huddleston. Her father was the Reverend Doctor William Henry Huddleston, and her first introduction into the literary field was when she served as a reader to her father. She was educated in Glasgow and in 1850 married Robert Barr, a Scotchman, and four years later they came to this country. They made their residence in several states, in New York, the South and West, finally settling in Austin, Texas. In 1867, the yellow fever was epidemic in Austin. Mr. Barr became famous through his work among the Indians and white settlers of this city. Doctors and nurses dying on all sides, he gave up his life in his unselfish devotion to poor suffering humanity. Mrs. Barr lost not only her husband but three sons in this terrible epidemic, and after it was over she returned to New York City. Her first literary venture was brought out through the kind personal interest of the editor of the New York Ledger, Mr. Robert Bonner, and was a story published in the Christian Union. She did all kinds of literary work, wrote advertisements, circulars, paragraphs and verses. Her first great success came in 1885 in the publication of "Jan Vedder's Wife." Three other books followed: "Scottish Sketches," "Cluny MacPherson," and "Pawl and Christina," but none equalled "Jan Vedder's Wife." "The Bow of Orange Ribbon" is a delightful picture of New York in provincial days, as is "The Maid of Maiden Lane." One of her later books, "The Lion's Whelp," a story of Cromwell's time, is considered one of her strongest books.
MARY E. WILKINS FREEMAN.
Was born in Randolph, Massachusetts, in 1862. Her father was a native of Salem, and was a descendant of Bray Wilkins of good old Puritan stock. Her mother was a Holbrook, one of the old families of Massachusetts. The family early removed to Brattleboro, Vermont, and with Mr. J. E. Chamberland she wrote "The Long Arm" for which they received a two thousand dollar prize offered by a newspaper. Like many other writers she was largely influenced by the people about her and associated with her early life and that of her family. Barnabas, one of the characters in her story, "Pembroke," was drawn from Randolph. Losing her father and mother and sister, she returned to Randolph and took up her residence. Her story "A Humble Romance" was considered by Phillips Brooks the best short story ever written. In 1893, she wrote a play, "Giles Corey, Yeoman" a drama of the early Puritan days. "The Heart's Highway" is another of her stories of Colonial times, and "The Portion of Labor." In 1902 she married Dr. Charles Manning Freeman, of Metuchen, New Jersey, where she now resides.
ALICE FRENCH.
"Octave Thanet."
Miss French took a nom de plume to hide her identity, there being an unmistakably masculine tinge in many of her writings. Her real name is Alice French, she was born in Andover, Massachusetts, March 19, 1850. Her father was George Henry French, a man of important business connections and comfortable means. The family were descended from Sir William French who settled in Massachusetts in the seventeenth century, and one of his descendants took part in the Revolutionary War, receiving the name of the "Fighting Parson of Andover." Miss French's grandfather on her mother's side was Governor Marcus Morton, and some of her ancestors were numbered among those who came to this country in the Mayflower. Miss French is a graduate of Vassar College. Her first story was printed in Godey's Magazine. Her story entitled "The Bishop's Vagabond," published in the Atlantic Monthly, in 1884, was the beginning of her substantial literary fame. Her story "Expiation" is considered very strong, as is "Knitters in the Sun "
KATE DOUGLASS WIGGIN (MRS. RIGGS.)
Her family were people of prominence in church and politics and at the New England Bar. She was born in Philadelphia and educated in New England, transplanted to California, and returned again to the Atlantic coast. Her first article appeared in St. Nicholas and was written at the age of eighteen. This she wrote while studying kindergarten work under the celebrated Marshall in California. After the death of her stepfather, she taught in the Santa Barbara College and organized the first free kindergarten west of the Rocky Mountains. Soon after the successful establishment of this work, she was married to Mr. Samuel Bradley Wiggin, a talented young lawyer. She gave up her work in the kindergarten but continued to give lectures. One of the stories written at this time was the story of "Patsy," which she wrote to obtain money for the work in which was so much interested, to be followed by "The Birds' Christmas Carol," written for the same purpose. After removing to New York, in 1888, she was urged to offer these two books to an eastern publisher, and Houghton, Mifflin and Company reprinted them in book form, and they met with remarkable success. "The Birds' Christmas Carol" has been translated into Japanese, French, German and Swedish, even being put into raised type for the blind. Her story "Timothy's Quest" met with great success as also "Polly Oliver's Problem." Mr. Wiggin's death soon after they left San Francisco necessitated her taking up the kindergarten work in the East with great energy. She does much of her work at her old home in Maine, and many of the scenes and descriptions in the "Village Watch Tower" were taken from this neighborhood. In 1895 she married Mr. George Christopher Riggs, and has spent much of her time since then in England. "Penelope's English Experience" is a story of her own experiences among her English friends, as were those of "Penelope's Irish Experiences," "Penelope's Progress in Scotland" which followed a period of her life in these countries.
GERTRUDE ATHERTON.
Was born in Rincon Hill, a part of San Francisco, in 1857. Her mother was the daughter of Stephen Franklin, a descendant of one of the brothers of Benjamin Franklin. His daughter was quite famous in California as a beauty. She married Thomas L. Horn, a prominent citizen of San Francisco from Stonington, Connecticut, and a member of the famous Vigilant Committee. The daughter Gertrude was educated in California and married George Henry Bowen Atherton of Menlo Park, California, a Chilian by birth. Her first story, "The Randolphs of Redwoods," was published in the San Francisco Argonaut, but among her many stories perhaps the best known is "Senator North." Her story of the life of Alexander Hamilton under the title "The Conqueror" is considered her best work.
JOHN OLIVER HOBBES (MRS. CRAIGIE.)
Mrs. Pearl Mary Theresa Craigie was born in Boston, Massachusetts, November 3, 1867. Her mother's maiden name was Laura Hortense Arnold. Her father was John Morgan Richards, the son of Reverend Doctor James Richards, the founder of Auburn Theological Seminary, of New York. She received her early education from tutors, later studying in Paris, and then in London. She was an enthusiastic student of classical literature, and through the advice of Professor Goodwin, she took up literature as a profession. In 1887, she was married to Mr. Reginald Walpole Craigie of a well-to-do English family. "Rohert of Orange" was one of her early and most notable books. Mrs. Craigie did some writing for the stage and one of her plays, "The Ambassador," was considered very good. Her story "Love and Soul Hunters," has not been excelled by any of her contemporaries.
LILIAN BELL.
Was born in Chicago in 1867, but spent her early years in Atlanta. Daughter of Major William Bell, an officer of the Civil War. Her grandfather, General Joseph Warren Bell, was a Southerner, but sold and freed his slaves before the war, brought his family North to Illinois. He organized the Thirteenth Illinois Cavalry. Her first literary work was "The Expatriates." Probably her best known book is "The Love Affairs of an Old Maid." In 1893 she married Arthur Hoyt Bogue of Chicago. They now make their home in New York City, where Mrs. Bogue is still engaged in literary work under her maiden name.
RUTH McENERY STUART.
Mrs. Stuart was born at Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana, the daughter of a wealthy planter. Her family had always been slave holders and her life was spent on a plantation where she gained her familiarity and knowledge of the negro character. She was educated at a school in New Orleans where she remained after her marriage in 1879 to Alfred O. Stuart, a cotton planter, and her early life was spent near their plantation in a small Arkansas town. Her first story was sent by Charles Dudley Warner to the Princeton Review in which it appeared, and the second was published in Harper's Magazine. Her stories are of the la-ry life of the Creoles and the plantation negroes. They give a true picture of a peculiar race of people fast disappearing in the South. They are largely dialect stories. Since her husband's death Mrs. Stuart has resided in New York City and here most of her literary work has been done. "Moriah's Mourning," "In Simpkinsville," "A Golden Wedding." "Charlotta's Intended," "Solomon Crow's Christmas Box," "The Story of Babette," "Sonny," "Uncle Eph's Advice to Brer Rabbit," "Holly and Pizen," are some of her well-known stories. Charles Dudley Warner says, "her pictures of Louisiana life both white and colored are indeed the best we have."
ANNA FARQUHAR BERGENGREN.
Mrs. Bergengren was of Scotch-English ancestry, her people coming to America in Lord Baltimore's time and settling in Maryland, near Baltimore. She was born December 23, 1865, near Brookville, Indiana, her father being a lawyer, a member of Congress, and during her life in Washington, she obtained the material for her book called "Her Washington Experiences." Her father's death made her determine upon a career for herself and she chose a musical education, but her health failed while studying in Boston, and she was ultimately obliged to give up singing, in which she had already attained fair success. Her story "The Singer's Heart" expressed her professional ambitions. "The Professor's Daughter" was published in The Saturday Evening Post and was very popular. "Her Boston Experiences" appeared in a magazine and ultimately in book form. Her book, "The Devil's Plough," is a story of the early French missionaries of North America. In January, 1900, she was married to Ralph Bergengren, a Boston Journalist, and has continued her literary labors.
PAULINE BRADFORD MACKIE HOPKINS.
Mrs. Hopkins is a writer of historical fiction. For two years after her graduation from the Toledo High School she was engaged as a writer on the Toledo Blade. She soon abandoned this for a literary career, and most of her stories have appeared in magazines and newspapers. "Mademoiselle de Berny" and "Ye Lyttle Salem Maide" were, after most trying experiences with publishers, printed in book form. "A Georgian Actress" was written in Berkeley, California, where Mrs. Hopkins had gone with her husband, Dr. Herbert Müller Hopkins, now occupying the chair of Latin in Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut. Here she also wrote two novels of Washington life during the Civil War. Mrs. Hopkins was born in Connecticut in 1873. Her father, Rev. Andrew Mackie, was an Episcopal clergyman and a very scholarly man, from whom she inherited her literary talent.
MARY JOHNSTON.
The publication of "Prisoners of Hope" brought, in 1898, a new star into the literary firmament, and instantly made Mary Johnston's name famous. At the time of the publication of her first novel Miss Johnston was but twenty-eight years of age. She was born in Buchanan, Virginia, November 21, 1870. Her great-great-great-grandfather, Peter Johnston, came to Virginia early in the Eighteenth Century and was a man of wealth and influence. He donated the land on which the Hampden Sidney College now stands, and Peter, his eldest son, rode in "light-horse," Harry Lee's legion and was the father of General Joseph E. Johnston. Her family numbered among its members some of the most distinguished men of the early Virginia history. "Prisoners of Hope" was hardly more famous than her second book, "To Have and To Hold." The latter established a record of sales among books unprecedented for any work by an American woman. Her latest novel is "The Long Roll," a story of the Confederacy during the war.
ELLEN ANDERSON G. GLASGOW.
BERTHA RUNKLE.
One of the most famous novels of the past few years was "The Helmet of Navarre," and was written, when its author, Bertha Runkle, was a little over twenty years of age. One of the most remarkable facts in this connection is that the authoress had never seen the shores of France, in fact had seldom been beyond the boundaries of New York State. Miss Runkle was born in New Jersey, but in 1888 she and her mother moved to New York City. Her father, Cornelius A. Runkle, a well-known New York lawyer, was for many years counsel for the New York Tribune, and her mother, Lucia Isabella Runkle, had been, previous to her marriage, an editorial writer on the same paper, in fact she was the first American woman to be placed on the staff of a great Metropolitan daily. In 1904 Miss Runkle married Captain Louis H. Bash, United States Army. She is very fond of outdoor life and spends much of her time in such sports as golf, riding, driving and tennis.
HARRIET BEECHER STOWE.
In the little town of Litchfield, Connecticut, on June 14, 1811, one of the most famous literary women, Harriet Beecher Stowe, was born. She was the seventh child of her parents Rev. Lyman Beecher and Roxanna Beecher. Her father was an eminent divine, but her early childhood days were filled with the privations of great poverty. When Harriet Stowe was but five years of age, her mother died and she went to live for a short time with her aunt and grandmother, until Mr. Beecher's second marriage. At twelve years of age she was sent to the school of Mr. John P. Brace, a well-known teacher, where she soon began to show a great love for composition, and one of her essays, "Can the Immortality of the Soul be Proved by the Light of Nature," was considered quite a literary triumph, and won great admiration from her father who was ignorant of its authorship. Her sister Catherine went to Hartford, Connecticut, where her brother was teaching, and decided she would build a female seminary that women might have equal opportunities with men. She raised the money and built the Hartford Female Seminary, and Harriet Beecher at the age of twelve attended her sister Catherine's school. She soon became one of the pupil teachers. Mr. Beecher's fame as a revivalist and brilliant preacher took him to Boston, but his heart was in the temperance work and he longed to go West. When called to Ohio to become president of Lane Theological Seminary at Cincinnati he accepted, and perhaps we owe to this circumstance Harriet Beecher Stowe's famous book "Uncle Tom's Cabin." In 1836, Harriet married the Professor of Biblical Criticism and Oriental Literature in that seminary, Calvin E. Stowe. At this time the question of slavery was uppermost in the minds of Christian people. In 1850 the Beecher family and the Stowes moved to Brunswick, Maine, where Mr. Stowe had accepted a professorship at Bowdoin College. The fugitive slave law was in operation and the people of the North seemed lacking in effort. Mrs. Stowe felt she must do something to arouse the people on this question, and we are told that one Sunday while sitting in church the picture of Uncle Tom came to her mind. When she went home she wrote the chapter on his death and read it to her two sons, ten and twelve years of age. This so affected them that they burst into tears. After two or three more chapters were ready she wrote to Dr. Bailey, her old friend of Cincinnati days, who had removed his press to Washington and was editing the National Era in that city. He accepted her manuscript and it was published as a serial. Mr. Jewett of Boston feared to undertake the work in book form, thinking it too long to be popular, but Uncle Tom's Cabin was published March 20, 1852, as a book. In less than a year over three hundred thousand copies had been sold. Congratulations came from crown heads and the literary world. In 1853, when Professor Stowe and his wife visited England no crowned head was shown greater honor. Other books followed from her pen on her return to America, her husband having taken a position as Professor of Sacred Literature in the Theological Seminary at Andover, Massachusetts. Her other works are: "Sunny Memories of Foreign Lands," "Dread," an anti-slavery story; "The Minister's Wooing," "Agnes of Sorrento," an Italian story; "Pearl of Orr's Island," a New England coast tale; "Old Town Folks," "House and Home Papers," "My Wife and I," "Pink and White Tyranny," but none has added to the fame of her great work, "Uncle Tom's Cabin." This book has been translated into almost all the languages. The latter years of Mrs. Stowe's life was spent between her home among the orange groves of Florida, and her summer residence in Hartford, Connecticut. On her seventy-first birthday her publishers, Houghton Mifflin & Company, gave her a monster garden party in Newton, Massachusetts, at the home of Governor Claflin. Poets, artists, statesmen, and our country's greatest men and women came to do her honor, and when her life went out at Hartford, Connecticut, July 1, 1896, we lost one of the famous women of America.
HELEN HUNT JACKSON.
She was born in Amherst, Massachusetts, October 18, 1831. Her father, Nathan W. Fiske, was a professor of languages and philosophy in the college of that town. When twelve years of age both her father and mother died, leaving her to the care of her grandfather. She entered the school of Rev. J. S. C. Abbott of New York. At twenty-one she married a young army officer, Captain, afterward Major, Edward B. Hunt. They lived much of their time at West Point and Newport. Major Hunt was killed in Brooklyn, October 2, 1863, while experimenting with a submarine gun of his own invention. After a year abroad and a long illness in Rome, she returned to this country in 1870. In her first small book of verses she was obliged to pay for the plates when they appeared, and it was only after years of hard work that she succeeded in her literary career. Her health becoming somewhat impaired, she moved to Colorado, and here in 1876 she married Mr. William Sharpless Jackson, a banker and cultured gentleman. They made their home at Colorado Springs, and it became one of the attractions of the place, her great love for flowers beautifying her surroundings. Here she wrote her first novels, "Mercy Philbrick's Choice" and "Hetty's Strange History," also, later "Ramona," but her strongest work was brought about through her intense interest and indignation over the wrongs of the Indians inflicted upon them by the white race. She advocated education and christianization of the race rather than their extermination. Leaving home, she spent three months in New York in the Astor Library gathering facts and material for her "Century of Dishonor." When published she sent a copy to each member of Congress at her own expense to awaken interest in her favorite theme, and this resulted in her being appointed special commissioner with Abbott Kinney, her friend, to examine and report on the condition of the Indians in California. She went into the work with enthusiasm and energy and the report was most exhaustive and convincing. In the winter of 1883, she began to write her famous novel, "Ramona," and we quote her own language when she says of it "I put my heart and soul into it." The book enjoyed wonderful popularity not only in this country but in England. In June, 1884, a fall caused a long, severe and painful illness. She was taken to Los Angeles, for the winter, but a slow malarial fever followed and she was removed to San Francisco and on the evening of August 12, 1885, she died. Her two works "Ramona," and "The Century of Dishonor" will ever preserve her name among the famous literary women of America. "The Century of Dishonor," has placed her name among the up-builders of our nation. She was buried near the summit of Cheyenne Mountain, four miles from Colorado Springs, a spot of her own choosing, and which is to-day one of the shrines of America.
THE CARY SISTERS.
The Cary sisters stand out as the most prominent poetical writers of the state of Ohio. Alice Cary was born April 26, 1820, on the farm of her father, situated within the present limits of Mount Healthy, Ohio. In 1832, the family moved to a larger residence near their former home, and it was christened "Clover Nook." Alice Cary had only the advantages of ordinary school education, but began early in life to contribute literary compositions, and at the age of eighteen, her first poetical adventure, "The Child of Sorrow," to the Sentinel and Star, a universalist paper of Cincinnati. Gradually her reputation spread and she contributed to many papers, among them, the National Mirror of Washington, D. C, the editor of which, Dr. Bailey, was the first to consider her writings worthy of pecuniary reward. In 1848, her name appeared first among the female poets of America, and in 1850, a small collection of poems by Alice and Phoebe Cary made their first appearance. Horace Greeley and John G. Whittier were among the warm friends and literary admirers of the Cary sisters. In 1860, Alice moved to New York City, and on February 12, 1870, she died.
PHOEBE CARY.
ALICE WILLIAMS BROTHERTON.
Daughter of Alfred Baldwin Williams and Ruth Hoge Johnson Williams, was born at Cambridge, Indiana, her parents removing to Cincinnati, Ohio, when she was quite young. Her education was received mainly from the grammar and high schools of Cincinnati. She was married October 18, 1876, to Mr. William Ernest Brotherton of that city. She has been a constant contributor to newspapers and magazines, a prominent college woman, and has devoted much time to essays and writings on Shakespeare, delivering lectures before women's colleges and dramatic schools.
EDITH MATILDA THOMAS.
Was born in Chatham, Ohio, August 12, 1854. Daughter of Frederick J. Thomas and Jane Louisa Sturges Thomas, both natives of New England, her great-grandfather being a soldier in the Revolutionary War. The family lived for a short time at Kenton, Ohio, and also at Bowling Green, where her father died in 1861. Soon after this, her mother and sisters moved to Geneva, Ohio, where Edith received her education at the Normal Institute. She taught for a short time in Geneva, but soon decided to make literature her profession. She had, while a student, contributed to the newspapers, and her first admirer was Helen Hunt Jackson, who brought her to the attention of the editors of the Atlantic Monthly and Century. In 1888, Miss Thomas moved to New York City, making her home on Staten Island, and has devoted her entire time to literature, being a frequent contributor to the prominent magazines of the day.
ALICE ARCHER SEWALL JAMES.
Daughter of Frank Sewall, an eminent Swedenborgian divine, and Thedia Redelia Gilchrist Sewall, and was born at Glendale, Ohio, in 1870, where her father was in charge of a church. The family removed to Urbana, Ohio, that year, and Doctor Sewall became president of Urbana University. Here Alice received her early education. At sixteen, she studied in the art schools of Glasgow, Scotland, traveling later on the Continent. In 1899, her home was in Washington, D. C, and here she met Mr. John H. James, a prominent attorney of Urbana, Ohio, whom she married. As an artist, Mrs. James' work has received much favorable comment and honors from the New York Architectural League, the Philadelphia Academy of Art, the Chicago World's Fair, the Expositions of Atlanta and Nashville, and at the Salon, Paris. Her illustrative work is of a high order, and she has contributed designs to the Century Magazine, Harper's Monthly, and the Cosmopolitan. She is hardly less noted as a poet than as a painter, and has published several volumes of verses. She was the authoress of the "Centennial Ode" of Champagne County, Ohio.
MARGARET JUNKIN PRESTON.
Daughter of Rev. Dr. Junkin, the founder of Lafayette College in Pennsylvania, was born in Philadelphia in 1820. Her father moved to Virginia in 1848, and became the president of Washington College in Lexington, now known as the Washington and Lee University. He was succeeded in this position by Robert E. Lee. In 1857, Miss Junkin married Professor J. T. L. Preston, one of the professors of the Virginia Military Institute. Mrs. Preston belonged to a very noted family of the South, her brother being General Stonewall Jackson, who was also one of the professors of this famous college of the South. A few years prior to her death, she removed to Baltimore, her son being a prominent physician and surgeon of that city, and here she died March 28, 1897. She was a great admirer of the Scotch writers and produced some valuable literary work in verse and prose, which appeared in the magazines and journals of the day. she also published five volumes of poems. "Her Centennial Ode" for the Washington and Lee University was considered a very notable production. Much of her writings were of a religious character, and all breathed a very pure, simple and sweet nature.
MARGARET FULLER. (MARCHIONESS D'OSSOLI.)
Margaret Fuller was a woman of most eccentric genius and great mental powers. She was born May 23, 1810, the daughter of Timothy Fuller, Esq., of Cambridge, Mass. In very early life Miss Fuller was put to the study of classical languages and showed wonderful power of acquisition. She then turned to living tongues and before she reached a mature age she was accounted a giant of philological accomplishments. Indeed she poured over the German philosophers until her very being became imbued with their transcendental doctrines. She was the best educated woman in the country and devoted her life to raising the standard of woman's intellectual training. To this effect she opened classes for women's instruction in several of the larger towns of New England. Her first publication was a translation of Goethe's "Conversation," which appeared in 1839. In the following year she was employed by the publisher of the "Dial," at whose head was Ralph Waldo Emerson, and she aided in the editorship of that journal for several years. In 1843 Miss Fuller moved to New York and entered into arrangement with the publishers of the Tribune, to aid in its literary department. This same year she made public her best literary effort, her "Summer on the Lakes," a journal of a journey to the West.
MARTHA JOANNA LAMB.
Mrs. Martha Joanna Lamb was born on August 18, 1829, at Plainfield, Massachusetts. She was at one time considered the leading woman historian of the nineteenth century. She is a life member of the American Historical Association and a Fellow of the Clarendon Association of Edinburgh, Scotland. Was editor of the Magazine of American History for eleven years. Her father was Arvin Nash and her mother was Lucinda Vinton. Her grandfather, Jacob Nash, was a Revolutionary soldier. The family is an old English one and to it belong the Rev. Treadway Nash D.D., the historian, and his wife, Joanna Reade, and to her family belongs Charles Reade, the well-known novelist. The ancestors of the Reade family came to America in the "Mayflower." Mrs. Lamb made her home at different times at Goshen, Massachusetts, Northampton and Easthampton. In 1882 she became the wife of Charles A. Lamb, and became conspicuous in charitable work in the city of Chicago, in which they resided from 1857 to 1866. She was an active worker after the great fire of 1863. In 1866 the Lambs made their home in New York City. Mrs. Lamb had always been a woman of remarkable mathematical talent and training. In 1879 she prepared for Harper's Magazine a notable paper translating to unlearned readers the mysteries and work of the Coast Survey. She has written a remarkable history of the city of New York, in two volumes, which was pronounced by competent authorities to be the best history ever written on any great city in the world. The preparation of this work required fifteen years of study and research. The list of Mrs. Lamb's works is long and distinguished, among them many historical sketches. Some titles are: "Lyme, a Chapter of American Genealogy"; "Chimes of Old Trinity," "State and Society in Washington," "The Coast Survey," "The Homes of America," "Memorial to Dr. Rust" and the "Philanthropist;" several sketches for magazines, "Unsuccessful candidates for the Presidential Nomination," sketch of Major-General John A. Dix, "Historical Homes in Lafayette Place," "The Historical Homes of Our Presidents." It is said that Mrs. Lamb wrote upwards of two hundred articles, essays and short stories, for weekly and monthly periodicals, but her greatest work was her "History of the City of New York," which is a standard authority and will be throughout all time. Mrs. Lamb died in 1893.
EMMA D. E. N. SOUTHWORTH.
Emma D. E. Nevitt was the eldest daughter of Captain Charles Nevitt, of Alexandria, Virginia. Was born in Washington, D. C, December 26, 1819. The family was descended from those of high rank in England and France. Her people had emigrated to this country in 1632, and were conspicuous in the American Revolution. Her father served at the head of a company in the War of 1812, receiving a wound from which he never recovered. At the age of forty-five, Captain Nevitt married his second wife, a young girl of but fifteen years and removed to Washington, where they leased a large house said to have been occupied at one time by General Washington. Mrs. Nevitt, after Captain Nevitt's death, married the second time, her husband being Joshua L. Henshaw of Boston, and to him Mrs. Southworth says she is indebted almost entirely for her education. Among her early writings is "The Irish Refugee," which was accepted by the editor of the Baltimore Saturday Visitor, who so encouraged the young writer that she wrote "The Wife's Victory." A few of her early stories were printed in the National Era of Washington City, its editor engaging her as a regular writer for that paper. She then commenced her third novel "Sibyl's Brother, or The Temptation," and in 1849 "Retribution" was published by Harper Brothers, and in five years after its appearance she had written "The Deserted Wife," "Shannondale," "The Mother-in-Law," "Children of the Isle," "The Foster Sisters," "The Courts of Clifton," "Old Neighbors in New Settlements," "The Lost Heiress" and "Hickory Hall." Her prolific pen was latterly engaged exclu sively for the New York Ledger. In 1853 Mrs. Southworth moved to a beautiful old home on the heights above the Potomac in Georgetown, and this became the rendezvous of distinguished people from all parts of the country. Here, in what was known as Prospect Cottage, Mrs. Southworth spent the last years of her life, dying there June 30, 1899.
MADELEINE VINTON DAHLGREN.
The wife of the distinguished Admiral Dahlgren was born in Gallipolis, Ohio, about 1835. She was the only daughter of Samuel F. Vinton, who served with distinction as a member of Congress for some years. At an early age she became the wife of Daniel Convers Goddard, who left her a widow with two children. On the 2nd of August, 1865, she became the wife of Admiral Dahlgren, and three children were born of this marriage. Admiral Dahlgren died in 1870. Her first contributions to the press were written in 1859 under the signature "Corinne." She also used the pen-name "Cornelia." Her first book was a little book entitled "Idealities." She made several translations from the French, Spanish and Italian languages, among them, "Montalembert's Brochure," "Pius IX," and the philosophical works of Donoso Cortes from the Spanish. These translations brought her many complimentary notices and an autographed letter from Pope Pius IX, and the thanks of the Queen of Spain. She was also the author of a voluminous biograph of Admiral Dahlgren and a number of novels including, "The South-Mountain Magic," "A Washington Winter," "The Lost Name," "Lights and Shadows of a Life," "Divorced," "South Sea Sketches," and a volume on "Etiquette of Social Life in Washington," and quite a number of essays, reviews, and short stories for the leading papers and periodicals of the day. She was a woman of fine talent and a thorough scholar, and in the social circles of Washington of which she was a conspicuous figure, she was considered a literary authority, and the Literary Society of Washington, of which she was one of the founders, had about the only "Salon" ever in existence in Washington. Her house was the center of a brilliant circle of official and literary life of the Capital city. In 1870-1873 she actively opposed the movement for female suffrage, presenting a petition to Congress which had been extensively signed asking that the right to vote should not be extended to women. Mrs. Dahlgren was a devout Catholic, and was for some time president of the Ladies' Catholic Missionary Society of Washington, and built a chapel at her summer home on South Mountain, Maryland, near the battlefield, known as St. Joseph's of the Sacred Heart of Jesus.
EMILY LEE SHERWOOD.
Mrs. Sherwood was born in 1843, in Madison, Indiana, where she spent her childhood. Her father, Monroe Wells Lee, was a native of Ohio; her mother, of the state of Massachusetts. At the age of sixteen she entered the office of her brother, who published the Herald and Era, a religious weekly paper in Indianapolis. Here she did most creditably whatever work she was asked to do in the various departments of this paper. At the age of twenty she became the wife of Henry Lee Sherwood, a young attorney of Indianapolis, and later they made their home in Washington, D. C. Mrs. Sherwood became one of the most prominent newspaper correspondents of the Capital city. She sent letters to the various papers over the country and was a contributor of stories and miscellaneous articles to the general press. In 1889 she became a member of the staff of the Sunday Herald, of Washington, D. C, and contributed articles also to the New York Sun and World. She is an all-round author, writing in connection with her newspaper work, books, reviews, stories, character sketches, society notes and reports. She published a novel entitled "Willis Peyton's Inheritance"; is an active member of the Daughters of the American Revolution, National Press League and the Triennial Council of Women.
JULIA HOLMES SMITH.
Born in Savannah, Georgia, December 23, 1839. On her mother's side, her grandfather was Captain George Raynall Turner, United States Navy. She was educated in the famous seminary of Gorman D. Abbott, and after graduating, married Waldo Abbott, eldest son of the historian, John S. C. Abbott. Mrs. Abbott was the organizer and first president of the Woman's Medical Association, the only society of its kind in America. In 1889 she contributed to the New York Ledger a series of articles on "Common Sense in the Nursery." She was at one time the only woman who contributed to the Arndts System of Medicine.
MARY STUART SMITH.
Mrs. Mary Stuart Smith was born at the University of Virginia, February 10, 1834. Was the second daughter of Professor Gessner Harrison and his wife, Eliza Lewis Carter Tucker. In 1853 she became the wife of Professor Francis H. Smith, of the University of Virginia. Besides original articles, her translations from the German for leading periodicals form a long list. She is a most pleasing writer for children.
MARY ELIZABETH SHERWOOD.
Mrs. Mary Elizabeth Sherwood was born in Keene, New Hampshire, in 1830. Her father, General James Wilson, served as a member of Congress from New Hampshire. Her mother, Mary Richardson, was well known for her great beauty and fine intellect. Mrs. Sherwood was a woman of strong personality and distinguished appearance. While living in Washington she became the wife of John Sherwood and soon obtained a prominent place among literary people. She was a contributor to all the leading magazines of the day, a writer of several well-known novels, among them, "A Transplanted Rose," "Sweet Briar," and "Royal Girls and Royal Courts," but is best known for her books on etiquette, being considered an authority on that subject. During Mrs. Sherwood's residence abroad she was prominent in the literary circles of Europe. In 1885 she gave readings in her New York home for the benefit of the Mt. Vernon Fund. Mrs. Sherwood was active in many of the charities of New York City, and through her pen raised sums of money for many in which she was interested. Mrs. Sherwood died in 1903.
KATE BROWNLEE SHERWOOD.
Mrs. Kate B. Sherwood was born in Mahoning County, Ohio, September 24, 1841. Of Scotch descent, her maiden name was Brownlee. Before graduating from the Poland Union Seminary, she became the wife of Isaac R. Sherwood, afterward General Secretary of the State, and at present Congressman from Ohio. Her husband was the owner and editor of the Canton Daily News Democrat.
She has always taken an active interest in all public and philanthropic questions for the soldiers and her state. While her husband served his first term in Congress, she was correspondent for the Ohio papers, and at one time contributed to the columns of the National 'tribune, Washington, D. C, published for the benefit of the Grand Army of the Republic and the soldiers of the country.
Mrs. Sherwood has done valiant work for her state and the Woman's Relief Corps, being one of the founders of the latter organization. She was at one time its national president; organized the Department of Relief and instituted the National Home for Army Nurses in Geneva, Ohio.
In her earlier years she was well known by her very melodious voice and frequently sang at meetings of military organizations. There is no woman better known or whose ability is more universally conceded or who wields a wider influence in the organizations of women for the advancement of her sex and the progress of our country.
EVA MUNSON SMITH.
Mrs. Eva Munson Smith was born July 12, 1843. She was the daughter of William Chandler Munson and Hannah Bailey Munson. Her mother was a direct descendant of Hannah Bailey of Revolutionary fame, who tore up her flannel petticoat to make wadding for the guns in battle. Mrs. Smith has made a collection of sacred compositions of women under the title "Women in Sacred Song." She has written quite a number of musical selections.
AMELIE RIVES. (PRINCESS TROUBETZKOY).
Princess Troubetzkoy was born in Richmond, Virginia, August 23, 1863, but her early life was passed at the family home, Castle Hill, Albermarle County. She is a granddaughter of William Cabell Rives, once minister to France and who wrote the "Life of Madison." Her grandmother, Mrs. Judith Walker Rives, left some writings entitled "Home and the World" and "Residence in Europe." Amelie Rives was married in 1899 to John Armstrong Chanler, of New York. Her most conspicuous story was "The Quick and the Dead." She wrote "A Brother to Dragons," "Virginia of Virginia," "According to St. John," "Barbara Dering," "Tanis" and several other well known stories. Her first marriage proved unhappy and she was divorced, and has since married Prince Pierre Troubetzkoy, a Russian artist, and continues her literary work.
GRACE ELIZABETH KING.
Miss King was born in New Orleans, in 1852, and is the daughter of William W. and Sarah Ann King. She has attained a distinguished reputation as the writer of short stories of Creole life. Among them are: "Monsieur Mottee," "Tales of Time and Place," "New Orleans, the Place and the People," "Jean Baptiste Lemoine, Founder of New Orleans," "Balcony Stories," "De Soto and His Men in the Land of Florida," "Stories from the History of Louisiana."
ELIZABETH WORMELEY LATIMER.
Mrs. Elizabeth Wormeley Latimer was born in London, England, in July, 1822. Her father was Rear Admiral Ralph Randolph Wormeley of the English navy, and her mother was Caroline Preble, of Boston, Massachusetts. In 1842 she was a member of the family of George Ticknor, of Boston, and her first literary work was the appendix to Prescott's Conquest, of Mexico. Her father's death occurred at Niagara Falls, in 1852. In 1856 Miss Wormeley married Randolph Brandt Latimer and they later made their home in Howard County, Maryland. Mrs. Latimer's works have been quite numerous. Among them are "Cousin Veronica," "Amabel," "My Wife and My Wife's Sister," "A Chain of Errors," and "France in the Nineteenth Century." Mrs. Latimer died in 1904.
MARY A. RIPLEY.
Was born January n, 1831, and was the daughter of John Huntington Ripley and Eliza L. Spalding Ripley. The Huntington family was very prominent in New England, one of its members, Samuel Huntington, signed the Declaration of Independence and Articles of Federation. On her mother's side Miss Ripley is descended from a distinguished French Huguenot family. She taught school in Buffalo for many years and contributed letters, articles on questions of the day and short poems. Her poems are characterized by sweetness and vigor. Her articles attracted much attention and exerted a wide influence. In 1867 she published a small book entitled "Parsing Lessons for School Room Use," which was followed by "Household Service," published under the auspices of the Woman's Educational and Industrial Union, of Buffalo. Her health failing, she resigned her position and removed to Carney, Nebraska, where she took an active part in every good work of that state, and was later made state superintendent of Scientific Temperance Instruction in the public schools and colleges of Nebraska.
EMMA WINNER ROGERS.
Was a native of Plainfield, New Jersey. She is the daughter of Reverend John Ogden Winner and granddaughter of Reverend Isaac Winner, D.D., both clergymen of the Methodist Episcopal Church. For six years she was the corresponding secretary of the Woman's Home Missionary Society of the Detroit Conference and later honorary president of the Rock River Conference, Woman's Home Missionary Society. She is specially interested in literary work on the lines of social science and political economy and has been a contributor on these subjects to various papers and periodicals. She has written a monograph entitled "Deaconesses in the Early and Modern Church." Mrs. Rogers is a woman of marked ability and specially endowed with strong logical faculties and the power of dispassionate judgment. She is of the type of American College women who, with the advantage of higher training and higher education, bring their disciplined faculties to bear with equally good effect upon the amenities of social life and the philanthropic and economic questions of the day. She is the wife of Henry Wade Rogers, of Buffalo, New York, dean of the Law School of the University of Michigan, and later president of the Northwestern University of Evanston, Illinois. As the wife of the president of a great University her influence upon the young men and women connected with it was marked and advantageous. Mrs. Rogers has left an impress upon the life of her times that is both salutary and permanent.
ELLEN SARGENT RUDE.
Born March 17, 1838, in Sodus, New York. Her mother died when she was an infant. Educated in the public schools of Sodus and Lima, New York. She became the wife of Benton C. Rude, in 1859. She won a prize for a temperance story from the Temperance Patriot. Some of the choicest poems of the "Arbor Day Manual" are from her pen.
GRACE ATKINSON OLIVER.
Born in Boston, September 24, 1844. In 1869 she became the wife of John Harvard Ellis, the son of Reverend John E. Ellis, of Boston, who died a year after they were married. She was for some years a regular contributor to the Boston Transcript. In 1874 Mrs. Ellis spent a season in London and while there met some of the members of the family of Maria Edgeworth, who suggested her writing the life of Miss Edgeworth. This she did, and the book was published in the famous old corner book store in Boston, in 1882. In 1879 she became the wife of Doctor Joseph P. Oliver, of Boston. Subsequently she wrote a memoir of the Reverend Dean Stanley, which was brought out both in Boston and London. Mrs. Oliver is a member of the New England Woman's Press Association and the New England Woman's Club; vice-president of the Thought and Work Clnb, in Salem, and a member of the Essex Institute, in Salem. Mrs. Oliver died in 1899.
ELIZABETH MARTHA OLMSTED.
Born December 31, 1825, in Caledonia, New York. Her father, Oliver Allen, belonged to the family of Ethan Allen. In 1853 she became the wife of John R. Olmsted, of LeRoy, New York. The Olmsteds were descended from the first settlers of Hartford, Connecticut, and pioneers of the Genesee Valley, New York. Her poems were well known during the war, and appeared in the newspapers and magazines of that period.
MARY FROST ORMSBY.
Was born in 1852 in Albany, New York. Her family connections included many distinguished persons. She opened a school known as the Seabury Institute, in New York City, a private school for young women. She has been active in reforms and movements on social and philanthropic lines. Mrs. Ormsby is a member of the Sorosis Club also of the American Society of Authors, Woman's National Press Association, an officer and member of the Pan Republican Congress and Human Freedom League, a member of the executive committee of the Universal Peace Union and in 1891 was a delegate from the United States to the Universal Peace Congress, in Rome, Italy. Writer of short stories and a contributor of articles to various publications.
REGINA ARMSTRONG NIEHAUS.
Was born in Virginia, March 4, 1869. Daughter of Thomas J. and Jane Ann Welch. Married Charles Henry Niehaus, in 1900. Has contributed poems, stories and critiques to leading New York magazine since 1896, also to The Studio, London.
MARIA I. JOHNSTON.
Mrs. Maria I. Johnston was born in Fredericksburg, Virginia, May, 1835. Her father was Judge Richard Barnett, of Fredericksburg, who later removed to Vicksburg, Mississippi, and here Mrs. Johnston was a resident during the terrible forty days' siege of that city during the Civil War. That experience was made the subject of her first novel, "The Siege of Vicksburg." She was a contributor to the New Orleans Picayune, The Times Democrat and to the Boston Women's Journal. Since the death of her husband, Doctor W. R. Johnston, Mrs. Johnston has supported herself by her pen. She has educated her children, one son, a graduate of Yale, becoming a Judge of the Circuit Court of Montana. She was editor at one time of St. Louis Spectator, a weekly family paper. She has made her home in St. Louis, Missouri, for some time.
CORNELIA JANE MATTHEWS JORDAN.
Mrs. Cornelia Jane Matthews Jordan was born at Lynchburg, Virginia, in 1830. Her father was Edwin Matthews and her mother, Emily Goggin Matthews. Her parents dying when she was young, she was brought up by her grandmother. In 1851 she married F. H. Jordan, a lawyer of Luray, Virginia. She is the author of many poems and some quite stirring lyrics of the Civil War. Her book of poems entitled "Corinth, and other Poems," published after the surrender was seized by the military commander of Richmond and suppressed. She has published a volume entitled "Richmond, Her Glory and Her Graves." Has also contributed many articles to magazines and newspapers, the best of which are "The Battle of Manassas," "The Death of Jackson and Appeal for Jefferson Davis." She is a member of the Alumni of the Convent of the Visitation, Georgetown, District of Columbia, her Alma Mater.
RUTH WARD KAHN.
Mrs. Ruth Ward Kahn was born in August, 1870, in Jackson, Michigan. She is a contributor to magazines and local newspapers. She is one of the youngest members of the Incorporated Society of Authors, of London, England. She is a member of the Authors' and Artists' Club, of Kansas City, and the Women's National Press Association.
MAREA WOOD JEFFERIS.
Mrs. Marea Wood Jefferis was born at Providence, Rhode Island, and is a descendant of William Brewster, of Mayflower fame. Her father is Doctor J. F. B. Flagg, a distinguished physician, who is well known through his work on anesthetics, and to whom is justly due the credit of making them practicable in the United States.
Her grandfather, Doctor Josiah Foster Flagg, was one of the early pioneers in dental surgery in the United States. Mrs. Jefferis' first husband was Thomas Wood; her second husband, Professor William Walter Jefferis, distinguished scientist and mineralogist. Mrs. Jefferis has published a volume of verses in memory of her daughter, the proceeds of which she has devoted to charity. She is a prominent resident of Philadelphia and is actively interested in all charitable work.
LUCY LARCOM.
Miss Lucy Larcom was born in Beverley, Massachusetts, in 1826. Her father died when she was but a child. In her early life Miss Larcom worked in the factories in Lowell, Massachusetts, and in her books "Idyls of Work" and a "New England Girlhood" she describes the life in these places. During her work she had constantly before her textbooks to further her education, and in 1842 the operatives in the Lowell mills published a paper known as the Offering. Miss Larcom became one of the corps of writers for this paper and in it appeared many of her first poems; also verses and essays which were afterwards collected and published in book form. Miss Larcom holds an honored place among the women poets of America. Among her earliest contributions to the Atlantic Monthly was the "Rose Enthroned" which was attributed to Emerson, as it was published anonymously. "A Loyal Woman's Party" attracted considerable attention during the Civil War; also her poems entitled "Childhood's Songs." She was at one time a teacher in one of the young women's seminaries of Massachusetts. She was also a contributor to Our Young Folks, and at one time was the associate editor and later the editor of this periodical. She also collected and published in two volumes a compilation from the world's greatest religious thinkers, under the title of "Breathings of the Better Life." She was the author of a number of religious works. Her death occurred in Boston, April 17, 1893.
JOSEPHINE B. THOMAS PORTUONDO.
Was born in Belleville, Illinois, November 23, 1867. Her grandfather was William H. Bissell, the first Republican Governor of Illinois. Writer of short stories and contributor to Benziger's Magazine and the Catholic Standard and Times.
MARY F. NIXON ROULET.
Author, journalist, musician, art critic, and noted linguist. On her father's side she is descended from a distinguished English family who were prominent in the Revolution of 1812. On her mother's side, the family were prominent in Connecticut, and fought in the Revolutionary War. She was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, and educated in Philadelphia. She married Alfred de Roulet, B.S. and M.D. She is the author of several books, "The Harp of Many Chords," "Lasca and Other Stories," "The Blue Lady's Knight," "St. Anthony in Art," books on Spain, Alaska, Brazil, Greece, and Australia, also Japanese Folk and Fairy Tales, Indian Folk and Fairy Tales, and a contributor to the Ladies' Home Journal, The Messenger, The Catholic World, The Rosary, New York Sun, New York World, Boston Transcript and Ave Maria. Secretary of the Illinois Women's Press Association.
MARGARET ELLEN HENRY RUFFIN.
MARGARET LYNCH SENN.
Was born in 1882 in Chicago. Was the wife of a distinguished surgeon of that city, the late Doctor William Nicholas Senn. Mrs. Senn after her husband's death presented to the Newberry Library, of Chicago, the cygne noir edition number one of H. H. Bancroft's "Book of Health" in ten massive volumes. She is a contributor to the Rosary Magazine and Times.
HELEN GRACE SMITH.
Daughter of General Thomas Kilby Smith and was born in December, 1865, at Torresdale, Pennsylvania. Contributor of poems to various magazines, The Atlantic Monthly, Lippincott's, The Rosary, Catholic World and other religious papers.
MARY AGNES EASBY SMITH.
Was born in Washington, District of Columbia, February, 1855, when her father, Honorable William Russell Smith, was serving as a member of Congress from Alabama. Writes under the pen-name of Agnes Hampton. Has written sketches for several newspapers. In 1887 she married Milton E. Smith, editor of the Church News. Is the author of romances, poems, sketches, which have appeared in her husband's paper, and also Donahoe's Magazine, The Messenger uf the Sacred Heart, and other church publications. Wrote some of the sketches which appeared in the "National Cyclopedia of Biography." Is at present one of the expert indexers of the Agricultural Department.
ALICE J. STEVENS.
Editor of The Tidings, Los Angeles, California. She was born March 10, i860. Was at one time notary public for Los Angeles County. Was also engaged in the real estate business prior to becoming editor of The Tidings. Is a contributor to Harper's, Sunset, Overland, and Los Angeles Times Magazine, also edited the Children's Department, of the Tidings for a number of years. Is conspicuous in patriotic and philanthropic work.
MARY FLORENCE TANEY.
CAROLINE WADSWORTH THOMPSON
Was born in 1856 in New York City. Married Charles Otis Thompson, whose mother was a great-granddaughter of General Israel Putnam and daughter of Lemuel Grosvenor, of Boston. Her grandfather on her father's side was John Wadsworth, of New York. The wife of her maternal grandfather, Howard Henderson, was of French descent and her great-grandfather was one of the original signers of the Louisiana Purchase. Mrs. Thompson is a contributor to the Ave Maria, Benziger's, and Sacred Heart Review, and is a prominent woman socially and in the charitable works of the Catholic Church.
FRANCIS FISHER TIERNAN.
Is the daughter of Colonel Charles F. Fisher, of Salisbury, North Carolina. Married James M. Tiernan, of Maryland. Mrs. Tiernan is a writer of note and some of her novels, under the pen-name of "Christian Reid," are "A Daughter of Bohemia," "Valerie Aylmer," "Morton House," "The Lady of Las Cruces," and a "Little Maid of Arcady," and many others.
ELEANOR ELIZABETH TONG.
Daughter of Lucius G. Tong, at one time professor in the Notre Dame University. She is a descendant of William Tong, one of the Revolutionary heroes, and related also to Archbishop Punket. She is the author of the new manual of Catholic devotions under the title, "The Catholics' Manual, a New Manual of Prayer."
HONOR WALSH.
Associate editor of the Catholic Standard and Times. Is related to Daniel O'Connell and is the wife of Charles Thomas Walsh, of Philadelphia. She has charge of the home and school page of the Young Crusader. Is the author of "The Story Book House," and contributor to the New York Sun, Youth's Companion, Benziger's, Donahoe's, The Rosary, Irish Monthly and other publications of the Roman Catholic Church.
PAULINE WILLIS.
Was born in 1870, in Boston, Massachusetts. Daughter of Hamilton and Helen Phillips. Was a direct descendant on her mother's side, of Reverend George Phillips, of Watertown, Massachusetts, who came to this country in 1630 in Governor Winthrop's Massachusetts Colony from Norfolk, England. The descendants of this Doctor Phillips were the founders of the Phillips' Academy, at Andover, Massachusetts. Miss Willis is the author of "The Willis' Records, or Records of the Willis Family of Haverhill, Portland, and Boston"; also a memoir of her late brother, Hamilton Willis, and is a contributor to the Catholic and secular press, and active worker in the charitable works and the foreign missions of the Roman Catholic Church.
CELIA LOGAN.
Was born in 1840, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. When quite young she filled a highly responsible position as critical reader of manuscripts in a large publishing house of London. While here she was a regular correspondent of the Boston Saturday Evening Gazette and the Golden Era of San Francisco, and was well-known as a writer of short stories for magazines in the United States and England. After the war, on her return to America, she became associate editor of the Capital, Don Piatt's paper published in Washington, District of Columbia. She did a great deal of translating from French and Italian. She was a writer of plays, the first of which was entitled "Rose," followed by "An American Marriage." In one of her plays Fay Templeton made her appearance and won success as a child actress. She wrote several stories and arranged and adapted from the French several plays. Her first husband was Minor K. Kellogg, an artist. After his death she married James H. Connelly, an author. She died in 1904.
HARRIET M. LOTHROP.
FRANCES LAWTON MACE.
Was born January 15, 1836. Her poems have appeared in the New York Journal of Commerce. At the age of eighteen she published her famous hymn, "Only Waiting," in the Waterville Mail, which has been rated as a classic. In 1855 she became the wife of Benjamin L. Mace, a lawyer of Bangor, and they later removed to San Jose, California. In 1883 she published a collection of poems in a volume entitled "Legends, Lyrics, and Sonnets," and later one entitled "Under Pine and Palm."
CALLIE BONNEY MARBLE.
Was born in Peoria, Illinois. Daughter of Honorable C. C. Bonney, a late noted lawyer of Chicago. She has inherited from a legal ancestry great mental strength. She has published two prose works, "Wit and Wisdom of Bulwer," and "Wit and Wisdom of Webster," and has made many translations of Victor Hugo's shorter works. She has written poems, sketches, stories for periodicals, and quite a number of songs which were set to music. She dramatized the "Rienzi" of Bulwer. She married Earl Marble, the well-known editor, art and dramatic critic, and author.
VELMA CALDWELL MELVILLE.
Writer of prose and poetry. Was born July 1, 1858, in Greenwood, Wisconsin. Her mother's maiden name was Artlissa Jordan. Her father lost his life before Petersburg during the Civil War. She is the wife of James E. Melville, a well-known educator and prohibitionist. She was at one time editor of the Home Circle and Youths' Department of the Practical Farmer of Philadelphia, and the Hearth and Home Department of the Wisconsin Farmer, of Madison, Wisconsin. She has been one of the most voluminous writers in current publications that the Central West has produced.
DORA RICHARDS MILLER.
Was born in the Island of St. Thomas, Danish West Indies. Her father, Richard Richards, was descended from a noted English family. Through her mother, she was descended from the family of Hezekiah Huntington, of Connecticut. On the death of her father, and on account of many losses through insurrection of the natives and hurricanes, to which this island was subject, her mother removed to New Orleans. In 1862 she became the wife of Anderson Miller, a lawyer from Mississippi, and went to Arkansas to reside. Troubles resulting from the war caused the breaking up of her family, and some of their experiences during the siege of Vicksburg are recounted in her articles published in the Century Magazine, entitled "Diary of a Young Woman During the Siege of Vicksburg," and "Diary of a Young Woman in the South." After her husband's death she taught in the public schools, and ultimately was appointed to the chair of science in the Girls' High School of New Orleans. During all this time she was a contributor to the local press. In 1886 her war diary was published in the Century, and attracted great attention. In 1889, she wrote, in conjunction with George W. Cable, "The Haunted House on Royal Street." She has written also for Lippincott's, Louisiana Journal of Education and Practical Housekeeper.
CLARA JESSUP MOORE.
Poet, novelist and philanthropist; was born February 16, 1824, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Her mother's family name is found in the Doomsday Book compiled in 1086. She is of distinguished ancestry, and descended from some of the prominent families of Virginia, Massachusetts and other states of the Union. One of her ancestors was lieutenant in King Phillip's War, and many of the prominent men of pioneer days are among Mrs. Moore's ancestors. She became the wife of Bloomfield Haines Moore, of Philadelphia, Pa., in October, 1842. After her marriage her home in Philadelphia became the resort of literary people, among them some of the most gifted authors of the day, and at this time she began her literary work. In 1855 she was widely known as a writer of prose and poetry, and her name appears in "Hart's Female Prose Writers of America." She is the author of a long list of novels and short stories. She did splendid work on the Sanitary Commission during the war, being corresponding secretary of the Women's Pennsylvania Branch. She also organized the special relief committee, which took such an active part in hospital work during the Civil War, a non-sectional organization. After the war Mrs. Moore resumed her literary work, and has given from the proceeds of her labors liberally to works of charity. One of her articles, which appeared in Lippincott's Magazine in 1873, under the title "Unsettled Points of Etiquette," drew upon her much unfavorable comment. In 1873 she published a revised edition of "The Young Lady's Friend," and in 1875 a collection of verses, followed by many others; one "On Dangerous Ground" reached its seventh edition, and was translated into Swedish and French. It is eminently a book for women. She at one time maintained her residence in London, England, which was a center for literary and scientific men and women of the day.
E. PAULINE JOHNSON.
E. Pauline Johnson was born in Brant county, Ontario, at the city of Brantfort. Her father, George Henry Martin Johnson, was head chief of the Mohawks. Her mother, Emily S. Howells, an English woman, was born in Bristol, England. Her paternal grandfather was the distinguished John "Sakayenkwaeaghton" (Disappearing Mist) Johnson, a pure Mohawk, and the speaker of the Six Nation Council for forty years. During the War of 1812 he fought for the British. His paternal great-grandfather, Tekahionwake, was given the name of Johnson by Sir William Johnson, hence the family name which they now use. Mrs. Johnson is a writer of verse and a contributor to many of the leading papers in Canada and the United States, of the latter the Boston Transcript.
GENIE CLARK POMEROY.
Born in April, 1867, in Iowa City, Iowa. Her father, Rush Clark, was one of the early pioneers of Iowa, her mother, a teacher, who died when Mrs. Pome roy was born. When Genie Clark was eleven years old she went to Washington, D. C. to be with her father during his second term in Congress. While at school in Des Moines, Iowa, she met Carl H. Pomeroy, a son of the president of the Callaman College, whom she married. After their marriage Mr. Pomeroy took the Chair of History in this college. In 1888 they moved to Seattle, Washington, and here Mrs. Pomeroy made her first literary venture, contributing to prominent papers of the Pacific coast. She is best known as a poet, though she has written quite a number of short stories and essays.
IDORA M. PLOWMAN MOORE.
Born in 1843, near Talladega, Alabama. She was known by the pen name of "Betsy Hamilton." She was the daughter of the late General Wm. B. McClellan and Mrs. Martha Robey McClellan. General McClellan was a graduate of West Point, and before the Civil War commanded the militia troops of the counties of Talladega, Clay and Randolph, in Alabama. When quite young Miss McClellan became the wife of a brilliant young lawyer, Albert W. Plowman, of Talladega, who died a few years after their marriage. Later, Mrs. Plowman married Captain M. V. Moore, of Atlanta, Georgia, who was on the editorial staff of the Atlanta Constitution, and they made their home in Auburn, Alabama. "Betsy Hamilton" was the author of innumerable dialect sketches of the old-time plantation life, life in the backwoods among the class denominated as "crackers." She wrote for the Constitution and the Sunny South. At the personal request of Mr. Conant, the editor of Harper's Weekly, several of her sketches were illustrated and appeared in that magazine. The late Henry W. Grady was a warm prsonal friend of Mrs. Moore, and aided in bringing her talent before the world and making the "Betsy Hamilton" sketches familiar in England as well as this country.
ELLEN OLNEY KIRK.
Mrs. Ellen Olney Kirk was born November 6, 1842, at Southington, Connecticut. Her father, Jesse Olney, was at one time state comptroller, and is the well-known author of a number of text books, particularly so as the author of a geography and atlas, a standard work in the American schools for many years. Her mother was a sister of A. S. Barnes, the New York publisher. Her first work was a novel, entitled "Love in Idleness," which appeared as a serial in Lippincott's Magazine in 1876. She has written a great deal since then. Since her marriage her home has been in Germantown, Pa., and the scenes of two of her books are laid in the region surrounding this city. One of her most noted books is entitled "The Story of Margaret Kent." Among her other books may be mentioned "Queen Money," "The Daughter of Eve," "Walfred," "Narden's Choosing" and "Ciphers."
ADELINE GRAFTON KNOX.
Mrs. Adeline Grafton Knox was born in Saccarappa, February 8, 1845. Her father was the Rev. Mark Grafton, a Methodist clergyman of New England, where she passed her early life. At the beginning of the Civil War her father held a pastorate in Albany, New York, and later one in Washington, D. C, while serving as a member of the House of Representatives. Miss Grafton began her literary career in i860, publishing a few stories and sketches under a fictitious name in the Republican, of Springfield, Massachusetts. In 1874 the novel "Katherine Earl" ran as a serial in Scribner's Monthly; another, "His Inheritance," in the same magazine. In 1889 she wrote a novelette, which appeared in book form under the title of "Dorothy's Experience" In this year Miss Grafton became the wife of the Honorable Samuel Knox, a distinguished lawyer of St. Louis, Missouri.
AGNES LEONARD HILL.
Born in Louisville, Kentucky, January 20, 1842. Daughter of Dr. Oliver Langdon and Agnes (Howard) Leonard. Writer for newspapers of Chicago and other cities. Has done evangelical work. In 1896 was assistant pastor of St. Paul's Universalist Church, Chicago. In 1905 was pastor of the Congregational Church, Wollaston, England. Has written on religious subjects.
MARY HANNAH KROUT.
Born in Crawfordsville, Indiana, November 3, 1857. Daughter of Robert K. and Caroline (Brown) Krout; sister of Caroline Krout; was the associate editor of the Crawfordsville Journal in 1881, and the Terre Haute Express in 1882; served ten years on the staff of the Chicago Inter-Ocean; was correspondent from Hawaii, New Zealand, Australia and England; writer of syndicate letters for daily papers ; also several books on Hawaii; prepared for pablication the autobiography of General Lew Wallace in 1906.
SARA LOUISA VICKERS OBERHOLTZER.
Born May 20, 1841, in Uwchlan, Pennsylvania. Her father, Paxon, and her mother, Anne T. Vickers were cultured Quakers. Among her best-known odes was "The Bayard Taylor Burial Ode," sung as Pennsylvania's tribute to her dead poet at his funeral services in Longwood, March 15, 1889. She is very much interested in the study of natural history, and has been considered a naturalist of some prominence; has one of the finest collections of Australian bird skins and eggs in the United States, and has given much attention to the work of introducing school savings banks into the public schools, also aided in instituting the University Extension movement; is prominent in the Woman's Christian Temperance Union.
ANNA CAMPBELL PALMER.
FANNIE PURDY PALMER.
Was born July n, 1839, in New York City. Daughter of Henry and Mary Catherine Sharp Purdy; descended on her father's side from Captain Purdy, of the British army, who was killed in the battle of White Plains. Her literary contributions have been to the Home Journal, Putnam's Magazine, Peterson's Magazine and others. In 1862 she married Dr. William H. Palmer, surgeon of the Third New York Cavalry, accompanying him to the seat of war, and there continuing her literary work by short stories and poems for Harper's and the Galaxy, and letters to various newspapers. Since the war she has been prominently identified with measures for the advancement of women and the various educational and philanthropic movements. From 1884-1892 she was president of the Rhode Island Women's Club and director of the General Federation of Women's Clubs. She has taken special interest in popularizing the study of American history, having herself prepared and given a series of "Familiar Talks on American History," as a branch of the educational work of the Woman's Educational and Industrial Union. She is keenly alive to the importance of the higher education of women, is secretary of a society organized to secure for women the educational privileges of Brown University, and in 1892 all of its examinations and degrees were open to women.
HELEN WATERSON MOODY.
Was born in Cleveland, Ohio, May 17, i860; did newspaper work on the Cleveland Leader and Sun, and was assistant professor of rhetoric and English in the University of Wooster until 1889, when she accepted a position on the staff of the New York Evening Sun. Mrs. Moody is best known for her articles which appeared in the Sun under the heading "Woman About Town," a title created for her, and under which she wrote in a semi-editorial manner a column every day. Her husband, Winfield S. Moody, Jr., is also a journalist.
HELEN JAMES DOLE.
Born in Worcester. Daughter of William Montgomery and Frances Fletcher Bennett. Translator of Victor Hugo's "Ninety-Three," Theuriet's "Abbe Daniel," Pierre Loti's "Iceland Fisherman," Theuriet, "Rustic Life in France," Rostand's "Cyrano de Bergerac," also orations of Marat, and many other French books.
EDITH WHARTON.
Mrs. Edward Wharton, best known to American story readers as Edith Wharton, author of "The House of Mirth," has a summer home at Lenox, Massachusetts, which is the scene of many gatherings of notable people. As Miss Edith Jones, and afterwards as Mrs. Edward Wharton, she held an enviable position in New York's best society, but of late she has practically given up living in the metropolis, and divides her time between Lenox and Paris. In the French capital Mrs. Wharton's literary and social success has been phenomenal. The French are the most exclusive people, socially, in the world, but they have opened their doors to Mrs. Wharton in appreciation of her many gifts. The author of "The House of Mirth" speaks French as fluently as a native, and in that language writes regularly for L£ Revue des Deux Mondes. Some of Mrs. Wharton's other works of fiction are "The Valley of Decision," "Sanctuary" and "The Fruit of the Tree."
MARY JOHNSON BAILEY LINCOLN.
Born at Attleboro, Massachusetts, July 8, 1844. Daughter of Rev. John Milton and Sarah Morgan Johnson Bailey. In 1865 she married David A. Lincoln, at Norton, Massachusetts, who is now deceased; is a writer and lecturer on domestic science, and was the first principal of the Boston Cooking School; culinary editor of the American Kitchen Magazine in 1893; is now a noted lecturer on cookery in the seminaries of the large cities of the United States; author of the "Boston Cook Book," "Peerless Cook Book," "Carving and Serving," and other works on domestic science.
EDITH DOWE MINITER.
Born in Wilbraham, Massachusetts, May 19, 1869. Daughter of William Hilton and Jennie E. Tupper Dowe. In 18S7 married John T. F. Miniter, now deceased. In 1890 was city editor of the Manchester Press, the only woman editor of a daily in New England. In 1895-6 she was editor of the Boston Home Journal, and was the first woman president of the National Amateur Press Association. In 1888 she wrote an article for the Boston Globe, entitled "How to Dress on $40 a Year," which created widespread notice and discussion.
CHARLOTTE PORTER.
Born in Towanda, Pennsylvania, January 6, 1859. Daughter of Dr. Henry Clinton and Eliza Betts Porter; has edited, in conjunction with Helen A. Clarke, "Poems of Robert Browning," "Browning's Complete Works," and "Mrs. Browning's Complete Works," "The Pembroke Edition of Shakespeare," and is sole editor of the "First Folio Edition of Shakespeare"; author of "Dramatic Motive in Browning's 'Strafford,'" "Shakespeare's Studies," and has contributed poems to the Atlantic, Century, Outlook, Poet-Lore, and other periodicals.
HELEN ARCHIBALD CLARKE.
Born in Philadelphia. Daughter of Hugh Archibald and Jane M. Searle Clarke; lecturer on mythology in Philadelphia, also on literary topics; has edited, in connection with Charlotte Porter, the "Poems of Robert Browning," "Clever Tales," from the French, Russian and Bohemian; "Browning's Complete Works," and a folio edition of Shakespeare; author of "Browning's England," "Browning's Italy," "Longfellow's Country," "Child's Guide to Mythology," "Ancient Myths in Modern Poets," in conjunction with Charlotte Porter; "Browning's Study Pro grammes," "Shakespeare Studies—Macbeth," and is also a composer of music and songs; writer of articles, essays and reviews on poetry, and one of the founders of the American Musical Society.
ANNA ELIZABETH DICKINSON.
Who is an author, playwright, actress, philanthropist and public speaker. She was born in Philadelphia, October 28, 1842. Her parents were Quakers and she was educated at the Friends' Free School. She began her public career by speaking on slavery and temperance. In 1861 she was given a position in tiie United States Mint, in Philadelphia but was removed because of the charges against General McClellan, which she made in a public address. In 1864 she donated to the Freedman's Relief Society a thousand dollars, the proceeds of one lecture. In 1876 she made her first appearance on the stage in a play from her own pen, called "A Crown of Thorns." She tried other parts, but her career met with disaster. Her principal success has been in the lecture field. She is the author of "A Ragged Register of People, Places and Opinions."
ADA CELESTE SWEET.
Author and business woman. Daughter of Gen. Benjamin J. Sweet, a lawyer and distinguished officer of the Civil War. She was born in Stockbridge, Wisconsin, February 23, 1853. Miss Sweet is one of the most noted women in America. At the age of sixteen she was the assistant to her father who was at that time United States pension agent in Chicago, and afterwards first deputy commissioner of Internal Revenue. Upon her father's death, in January, 1867, President Grant appointed Miss Sweet United States pension agent in Chicago. She has disbursed many million dollars annually making a most remarkable record as a business woman, and has installed many valuable reforms, reduced the work of her office to a system, which the government gladly recognized and approved by installing the same in all other pension offices in the United States. In 1885 she resigned this office to engage in business for herself. She was for two years literary editor of the Chicago Tribune, and since 1888 has maintained an office as United States claim attorney, and during this time has done considerable literary and philanthropic work. She was the founder of the ambulance system for the Chicago police.
MARTHA GALLISON MOORE AVERY.
Is the daughter of A. K. P. Moore, and on her father's side is descended from Irish, Scotch and Dutch ancestry; on her mother's, from English. Her people have always been distinguished in the various conflicts for freedom which have taken place in this country. Major John Moore, of Bunker Hill fame, was one of her kinsmen, and her grandfather, General Samuel Moore, was conspicuous in state affairs. Mrs. Avery's first active part in public life was as a charter member of the First Nationalist Club of Boston, which claimed among its members such distinguished personages as Edward Everett Hale and Mary Livermore. She later became a socialist, and was director of the Karl Marx class, which taught the economics of socialism, and this later became the Boston School of Political Economy. She is an acknowledged authority on philosophy, history and economic theories. She wrote, in conjunction with David Goldstein, one of her students, a book entitled "Socialism" and "The Nation of Fatherless Children." She has lectured and written constantly in the interests of socialism for many years. She is at present head of the Boston School of Political Economy. Having become a convert to the Roman Catholic faith, she is to-day one of the most eloquent speakers and writers against the socialistic movement; is a contributor to the National Civic Federation Reziew, Social Justice, and is at work on a book entitled "Twenty-Five Socialists Answered" ; also a work on the "Primal Principles of Political Economy."
CAROLINE M. BEAUMONT.
Is the daughter of Joseph I. Beaumont, of St. Paul, Minnesota; is a writer on the St. Paul Dispatch, and founder of the Guild of Catholic Women.
MARY AXTELL BISHOP.
Was born January 19, 1859, in Galena, Illinois, and is the daughter of the Rev. Charles Axtell. Her mother was one of the descendants of the Campbells, who took a prominent part in the settlement of Virginia. In 1S84 she married General J. W. Bishop. She was the first president of the Guild of Catholic Women, and founder of the Altar Guild of the Cathedral of St. Paul, Minnesota. She has written several poems and some clever prose.
FLORENCE L. HOLMES BORK.
Was born in Bracken County, Kentucky, October 29, 1869, and is a collateral descendant of Patrick Henry. She has written for magazines and papers short stories, sketches and poems since she was thirteen years of age; was private secretary to John M. Crawford, of Cincinnati, when minister to St. Petersburg. In 1902 she married George L. Bork, of Buffalo, whose aunt is Mother Severine, Superior of three institutions of Sisters of Notre Dame de Providence. She is a member of many prominent clubs and charitable organizations and societies, the Federation of Women's Clubs and the Catholic Women's Clubs. She writes principally under the pen name of Alice Benedict.
ANNA ELIZABETH BUCHANAN.
LELIA HARDIN BUGG.
Author of "The Correct Thing for Catholics," "The Prodigal's Daughter," "Correct English" and "The People of Our Parish." She took a special course in philosophy and modern languages at Trinity College, Washington, D. C.
MARY GILMORE CARTER.
Was born in 1867 in Boston, Massachusetts, and was the daughter of Patrick S. Gilmore, the famous band leader. Her husband was John P. Carter, a prominent business man of New York City. Mrs. Carter is the author of a book of verse and a novel entitled "A Son of Esau," and "Songs from the Wings"; is a contributor to the Catholic World, The Coming Age, Frank Leslie's and many other magazines and periodicals.
EMMA FORBES CAREY.
Was born in Boston Massachusetts, October 10, 1833. She is descended from English ancestry, one of whom, Sir William Carey, was mayor and sheriff of Bristol, England in the reign of Henry VIII. Miss Carey has devoted her life for twenty-five years to the needs of the unfortunate inmates of prisons. She is a contributor to the Catholic World, The Young Catholic and the Ave Maria.
CAROLINE ELIZABETH CORBIN.
Was born November 9, 1835, in Pomfret, Connecticut. Some of her ancestors on her mother's side came over from England in the May-flower, and those of a later generation founded the city of Pomfret. In 1861 she married Calvin R. Corbin, and they removed to Chicago, Illinois. She is the author of quite a number of books, among which are "Our Bible Class and the Good that Came from It," "Rebecca, or a Woman's Secret," "His Marriage Vow," "A Woman's Philosophy of Love," etc. At one time she was president of the Chicago Society for the Promotion of Social Purity and president of a society opposed to the extension of suffrage to women.
MARY CATHERINE CROWLEY.
MARGARET DEANE.
Was born July 22, 1831, in New York City; was a public school teacher in the city of New York from 1846 to 1848, and later in San Francisco, California; author of books for children; for ten years was grand president of the Catholic Ladies' Aid Society of San Francisco. Her husband was the late James R. Deane.
ADELAIDE MARGARET DELANEY.
Was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1875 ; assistant at the University Settlement, and collector of data for the Bureau of Child Labor in New York City; editor of the Woman's Department of the Philadelphia Record; has lectured on the Catholic attitude in social work; author of a series of lectures on "Jottings of a Journalist in England, France and Ireland"; contributor to Ladies' Home Journal and active advocate of Home Rule for Ireland and suffrage for women.
AGNES CATHERINE DOYLE.
Was born in Boston, Massachusetts, and is the daughter of Edward and Margaret Keating Doyle; is reference librarian in the Boston Public Library; assisted in editing a contribution to the bibliography of the United States navy, compiled by Charles T. Harbeck; author of the "History of the Winthrop School, of Boston"; reviser of a list for finding genealogies of towns and local histories in the public library of Boston; has contributed articles on current topics to magazines and newspapers.
MARTHA CLAIRE DOYLE.
Born in Boston, June 16, 1869. Daughter of Henry and Anne Lande MacGowan. In 1896 she married James R. Doyle. Is the author of "Little Miss Dorothy," "Wide-Awake," "Jimmy Sutor and the Boys of Pigeon Camp," "The Boys of Pigeon Camp; Their Luck and Fun," and "Mint Julep," a story of New England life.
MARY EMILIE EWING.
Was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, November 13, 1872. Her husband was a relative of Mrs. W. T. Sherman, wife of the distinguished general, and also of Edgar Allan Poe. Mrs. Ewing contributes to the religious press of Cincinnati and Chicago and has written some creditable poems.
LYDIA STIRLING FLINTHAM.
Author and lecturer; was born on the family plantation in Cecil County, Maryland. Her family were of English ancestry, and came to New Castle, Delaware, in the early days of our country's history. Miss Flintham is a lecturer on English composition and literary topics; has written many stories, and has for sev eral years been the editor of the juvenile department of the Good Counsel Magazine, contributor to Donahoe's, Rosary, Metropolitan, Catholic World and other Catholic magazines.
MARY CRAWFORD FRASER.
Was born in Rome, Italy, in 1851. Daughter of Thomas Crawford, the sculptor, and Louise Ward, who was the niece of the late Julia Ward Howe and sister of Marion Crawford. In 1873 she married Hugh Fraser, who was sent on a diplomatic mission to Japan, Vienna and other foreign countries. Mrs. Fraser is the author of a number of books, some of which are "A Diplomatist's Wife in Many Lands," "The Brown Ambassador" and "The Splendid Porsena."
HELEN HAINES.
Daughter of John Ladd Colby, a physician of New York, where she was born. She married Charles Owens Haines, of Savannah, Georgia, who was a railroad builder and manager; has contributed short stories, some of which are entitled "Caper Sauce," "The Crimson Rambler," to the American Magazine and Scribner's Magazine.
EDITH OGDEN HARRISON.
Daughter of Robert N. Ogden, and the wife of Carter Henry Harrison, mayor of Chicago, Illinois, who occupies the unique position of having been elected five times mayor of Chicago and his father before him was also five times mayor of that city. Mrs. Harrison is the author of "Prince Silverwings," "The Star Fairies," "The Moon Princess," "The Flaming Sword," "The Mocking Bird," "Biblical Stories Retold for Children," "Cotton Myth," "Polar Star" and other short stories.
ELIZABETH JORDAN.
MARGARET H. WYNNE LAWLESS.
Was born at Adrian, Michigan, July 14, 1847. Daughter of John and Jane Meehan Wynne. After graduating from school she taught for several years, and in 1873 married Dr. James T. Lawless, of Toledo, Ohio, where she has since made her home; has contributed to the Catholic World, Ave Maria, Rosary Magazine, Pilot, New World, and conducted the children's department for a number of years of the Catholic Universe; has also contributed to Frank Leslie's Weekly, Demorest's, American Magazine, Lippincotfs, Golden Days, Detroit Free Press and Travelers' Record. Both she and her husband have been active workers in the cause of Catholic education and the development of Catholic charitable, literary and socialistic societies and institutions. Mrs. Lawless incorporated and took out a charter for the Catholic Ladies of Ohio, the first insurance and benevolent society for women in the United States, and was for six years secretary of this organization.
ELIZA O'BRIEN LUMMIS.
Daughter of William and Anne O'Brien Lummis, and was born in New York City; was one of the prominent members of the Society of the Children of Mary, and founder of the People's Eucharistic League, an organization in connection with the Catholic Cathedral of New York City, and one of the largest Catholic organizations of New York. She assisted in organizing the Corpus Christi Reunion for Men; was instrumental in the installation of the Fathers of the Blessed Sacrament in the Church of Jean the Baptiste, and in the establishment of the first public throne of exposition in New York. She founded, edited and published the Sentinel of the Blessed Sacrament, a Eucharistic monthly and the organ of the Priests' Eucharistic League ; is also the founder of the Society of the Daughters of the Faith. Miss Lummis is the author of "Daughters of the Faith," "A Nineteenth Century Apostle," several poems and magazine articles dealing with the questions of the day. She is one of the leading Catholic women of the United States.
MARY JOSEPHINE LUPTON.
Was born in County Down, Ireland; is an associate editor of the New World, Chicago; translator of "The Child of the Moon" and "The Task of Little Peter," from the French, and is a contributor to the Rosary Magazine, the New World and Church Extension.
COUNTESS SARAH MARIA ALOISA SPOTTISWOOD MACKIN.
SISTER MARY MAGDALENE (SARAH C. COX).
Daughter of James Cox, of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Mother Superior for several terms at the Convent of the Visitation, Wilmington, Delaware, and translator of devotional and religious works.
MARY E. MANNIX.
Born May 17, 1846, in New York City. Her father, Michael Walsh, was one of the early pioneers of the West, settling in Cincinnati, Ohio many years ago. He did much for the establishment of the Catholic Church in the West particularly in the city of Cincinnati. She married John B. Mannix, a succcessful Catholic lawyer of San Diego, California. Mrs. Mannix's first writings in verse and prose appeared in the Catholic World, and were followed by others in various Catholic magazines. She has written sketches, reviews, stories for children, and made some most commendable translations in prose and verse from the French, German and Spanish. She is a contributer to the leading Catholic journals of the day; has written a "Life of Sister Louise," Superior of the Sisters of Notre Dame, of Namur, in Cincinnati, and also lives of other sisters of the various orders. She is a well-known writer of children's stories.
ELIZABETH GILBERT MARTIN.
Was born December 21, 1837, at Albany, New York, of Revolutionary ancestry. She married Homer D. Martin, a landscape painter; is the author of "Whom God Hath Joined," and translator of St. Amand's "Women of the French Salons" and other books.
NORMA GERTRUDE McCHESNEY.
Was born March 28, 1876, in Marysville. Kansas. On her father's side she is descended from Highland Scotch ancestry, and through her mother is connected with the famous Choate family, of which Rufus and Joseph Choate are members. She is also a relative of George W. Cable; is a teacher of piano music and contributor to the London Tablet, St. Peter's Net, The Lamp and Rose Leaves.
ELLA McMAHON.
Sister of the late General M. T. McMahon, of New York, and sister-in-law of Rear Admiral F. M. Ramsay, United States Navy; translator of "Golden Sands," "Little Month of May" and devotional works, and is also a contributor to Catholic magazines.
MARY ANTONIO GALLAGHER MERCEDES.
Who is known under the pen name of "Rev. Richard W. Alexander"; is a Sister of Mercy in the diocese of Pittsburgh. Her parents were among the early settlers of eastern Pennsylvania, and were descendants of the Hookey and Drexel families. She became a Sister of Mercy at the age of eighteen; was treasurer of the extensive community of Pittsburgh, and later became a teacher in St. Xavier's, Beatty, Pennsylvania, where she is at present. She is the author of several books and plays for girls, used in many of the convent schools throughout the world; is a contributor to the Ave Maria, The Missionary, Catholic Standard and Times.
MARY ALOYSIA MOLLOY.
Author of a concordance to the Anglo-Saxon version of "Bede's Ecclesiastical History" and articles on the "Celtic Revival and Pedagogical Subjects," "Word Pairs—A Comparative Study of French and English," and "Rhetorical Structure."
JEAN ELIZABETH URSULA NEALIS.
Is the daughter of John Wilkinson, a distinguished engineer, and was born in Frederickton, New Brunswick. One of her ancestors was the founder of the city of Portland, Maine; author of "Drift," a volume of poems, and contributor of poems and stories to Catholic publications.
KATHERINE A. O'MAHONEY.
Born in Kilkenny, Ireland. Daughter of Patrick and Rose O'Keeffe. She married Daniel J. O'Mahoney; teacher in the Lawrence High School, and lecturer on literary and historical subjects; founded, published and edited the Catholic Register, and was contributor to the Boston Pilot, the Sacred Heart Review, Donahoe's Magazine and magazine of Our Lady of Good Counsel; prominent in the women's branch of the Irish Land League; founder and president of the Aventine Literary Club and of the Orphans' Friends' Society, of Lawrence County ; organizer of a division of the Ladies' Auxiliary, Ancient Order of Hibernians, and was its president for five years, and also president of the Essex County Auxiliary; organizer and first president of the St. Mary's Alumnae Association, vice-president of the Lawrence Anti-Tuberculosis League ; author of "Catholicity in Lawrence," "Faith of Our Fathers," a poem; "Moore's Birthday," a musical allegory; "Famous Irish Women," and a collection of Hibernian odes. Mrs. O'Mahoney was among the first Catholic women to speak in public in New England, and has delivered her lectures in many of the cities. Some of these are entitled "A Trip to Ireland," "Religion and Patriotism in English and Irish History," "Mary, Queen of Scots, and Joan of Arc," "An Evening with Milton," an illustrated lecture on "Paradise Lost;" "An Evening with Dante" and "The Passion Play of Oberammergau."
SALLIE MARGARET O'MALLEY.
Was born in Centreville, Wayne County, Indiana, December 8, 1862, and is the wife of the distinguished and well-known poet and writer, Charles J. O'Malley. She is a descendant of the noted Claiborne called the "Scourge of Maryland," and also of the noted Hill family, of Virginia, her father being a cousin of A. P. Hill, called "Fighting Hill." Her mother was Sallie Rogers Ragland Wilson, a descendant of James Wilson, who was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. Mrs. O'Malley has illustrated many of her husband's poems, and is a composer of music, and has written quite a number of songs. She is also author of several novels, among them "The Boys of the Prairie," "An Heir of Dreams."
MARY BOYLE O'REILLY.
Was born in Boston, Massachusetts, May 18, 1873; was prison commissioner for Massachusetts at one time and trustee of the Children's Institution Department of Boston ; founder of the Guild of St. Elizabeth; contributor to the Catholic World, Harper's Magazine and New England Magazine; is editorial writer for the Boston Transcript; prominent in many of the philanthropic associations of Boston and the state of Massachusetts.
ELEANOR R. PARKER.
Was born in Bedford, Kentucky, March 2, 1874. Daughter of William and Eliza Reordan Parker. Her family was prominent in North Carolina. Her mother was a writer of some distinction, and one of the pioneers in the movement for domestic science; was one of the editors of the Woman's Home Companion for several years. She is a contributor to Donahoe's, New Orleans Times-Democrat, Good Housekeeping, Woman's Home Companion, and is the editor of the women's page in the Western Watchman.
HARRIET PRESCOTT SPOFFORD.
Born in Calais, Maine, April 3, 1835, but her parents removed, when she was quite young, to Newburyport Massachusetts which has since been her home. Her father was Joseph N. Prescott. Her essay on Hamlet when she was a student in the school at Newburyport attracted the attention of James Wentworth Higginson, who interested himself in her career. Both of her parents became helpless invalids, which made it necessary for her to early take up a literary career, and she began by contributions to the Boston papers. In 1859 her story of Parisian life, entitled "In a Cellar," brought her into immediate prominence in the literary world, and the editor of the Atlantic Monthly, James Russell Lowell, was so impressed by her ability that from that day she was a well-known contributor of both prose a.id poetry to not only the Atlantic Monthly, but the chief periodicals of the country. In 1865 she married Richard S. Spofford, a lawyer of Boston. Among her works are "Sir Rohan's Ghost," "The Amber Gods," "The Thief in the Night," "Azarian," "New England Legends," "Art Decoration Applied to Furniture," "The Marquis of Carabas," "Hester Stanley at St. Mark's," "The Servant Girl Question" and "Ballads About Authors."
AUGUSTA J. EVANS WILSON.
Mrs. Wilson won literary fame as the author of "Beulah." She was born near Columbus, Georgia, in 1836. Her family lived for a short time in Texas, and later in Mobile, Alabama, and here in 1868 she married L. M. Wilson. Her first novel was "Inez," which met with only moderate success, but in 1859 "Beulah" appeared, and she won instantaneous literary fame. During the war she published "Macaria," and it is said that this book was printed on coarse brown paper, and copyrighted by the Confederate States of America. It was dedicated by her to the soldiers of the Southern army. It was seized and destroyed by the Federal officers, but was subsequently reprinted in the North, and met with a large sale. After the war Mrs. Wilson removed to New York City, and here she published her famous book, "St. Elmo." This was followed by one hardly less popular, "Vashti," later, one entitled "Infelice," and "At the Mercy of Tiberius." Mrs. Wilson died in 1909.
LOUISE CHANDLER MOULTON.
Mrs. Moulton was born in Pomfret, Connecticut, April 5, 1835. She early began to contribute to periodicals under the name of "Ellen Louise," and was but nineteen years of age when she published her first book, entitled "This, That, and the Other." In 1855 she married William U. Moulton, a publisher of Boston. After her marriage she wrote short stories for magazines, and is the author of a novel, "Juno Clifford." From 1870 to 1876 she was the literary correspondent of the New York Tribune, and also contributed a weekly letter to the Sunday Herald, of Boston ; wrote letters during her travels abroad from London and Paris for American newspapers. In 1877 she edited two volumes of verse, "Garden Secrets" and "A Last Harvest." She is especially fortunate in her stories for children. Mrs. Moulton died in 1908.
SARAH MORGAN BRYAN PIATT.
Born in Lexington, Kentucky, August 11, 1836. Her grandfather, Morgan Bryan, was a relative of Daniel Boone and one of the earliest settlers in the state of Kentucky. He emigrated from North Carolina with Boone's party and his "station," near Lexington, known as "Bryan's Station," was one of the principal points of attack by the Indians who invaded Kentucky from the Northwest in 1782. Mrs. Piatt's early childhood was passed near Versailles, where her mother, Mary Speirs, who was related to the Stocktons and other early Kentucky families, died when Mrs. Piatt was but eight years of age. She was placed by her father in the care of her aunt, Mrs. Boone, in Newcastle, where she received her education. George D. Prentice, the editor of the Louisville Journal, was an intimate friend of the family, and through his paper Mrs. Piatt's poems first received recognition. On June 18, 1861, she became the wife of John James Piatt, and went with her husband to reside in Washington, D. C. In 1867 they removed to Ohio, and lived on a part of the old estate of General W. H. Harrison, in North Bend. In 1886 she published a volume of poems in London, and others followed in the United States, among them "The Nests at Washington, and Other Poems," "A Woman's Poems," "A Voyage to the Fortunate Isles," etc. Mrs. Piatt contributed to many of the leading magazines of that time. In 1882 Mr. Piatt was sent to Ireland as consul of the United States at Cork, and while residing there Mrs. Piatt brought out other volumes of poems, "In Primrose Time," "A New Irish Garland," "An Irish Wildflower." Her writings have been most complimentarily mentioned in both England and Ireland.
HARRIET STONE MONROE.
Author of the ode for the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. She is also a contributor of articles for newspapers and writer on art and literary criticism for the magazines. Miss Monroe was born in Chicago, September 23, i860. Her father was Honorable H. S. Monroe, a lawyer of distinction in Chicago. She was a graduate of the Academy of the Visitation in Georgetown, D. C.
SARAH JANE LIPPINCOTT.
Better known as "Grace Greenwood." A writer of stories for children, and former editor of Little Pilgrim. She was born in Pompey, New York, September 23, 1823, and spent her early youth in Rochester, but in 1842 the family removed to New Brighton, Pennsylvania. She married Leander K. Lippincott, of Philadelphia, in 1873. Although during her early youth she had written verses and short stories, it was not until 1844 that her first publication appeared under her now, de plume, "Grace Greenwood." She lectured, and was also a contributor and correspondent for several newspapers. She was the author of several books, the titles of some of which are "Greenwood Leaves," "History of My Pets," "Volume of Poems," "Recollections of My Childhood," "Haps and Mishaps of a Tour in Europe," "Mary England," "Forest Tragedy, and Other Tales," "Stories and Legends of Travel," "History for Children," "Stories From Famous Ballads," "Stories of Many Lands," "Stories and Sights in France and Italy," "Records of Five Years," "New Life in New Lands," and her best-known poem, "Ariadne." Mrs. Lippincott died in 1905.
MARIE LOUISE GREENE.
Miss Greene was born in Providence, Rhode Island. She received the degree of A.B. from Vassar in 1891; has done special work in American history in Yale College. She is a student and writer on gardening and New England history. She is the author of "The Development of Religious Liberty in Connecticut," "Among School Gardens," etc.
DELIA LYMAN PORTER.
ELLA WHEELER WILCOX.
Mrs. Wilcox was born at Johnstown Center, Wisconsin, in 1855; married Robert M. Wilcox in 1884; has been a contributor to magazines and newspapers for many years; has written many beautiful poems, and is ~ne of the prominent writers of today.
KATHERINE PYLE.
Miss Pyle was born in Wilmington, Delaware, and has written stories in prose and verse of much charm.
BERTHA G. DAVIS WOODS.
Mrs. Woods was born in Penn Yan, New York, in April, 1873. She is a contributor to magazines, newspapers of poems and short stories.
FLORENCE AUGUSTA M. BAILEY.
Mrs. Bailey was born in Locust Grove, New York, August 8, 1863. Sister of Clinton Hart Merriam. Has written much on bird life in America. Is a member of the American Ornithologists' Union, and the Biological Society of Washington.
ROSE HARTWICK THORPE.
Mrs. Thorpe is the author of the well-known poem, "Curfew Must Not Ring To-night." Was born in Mishawaka, Indiana, July 18, 1850. Is the wife of E. Carson Thorpe. Has written many other poems, but none has added to the fame which she earned by the writing of the poem mentioned. Lives in San Diego, California.
GRACE GALLATIN SETON.
Mrs. Seton is a writer and book designer. Is the wife of Ernest Thompson Seton. Has done a great deal of work on newspapers, both in this country and in Paris. In 1897 took up the work of designing covers, title-pages, and general work for make-up of books. President of Pen and Brush Club, Music-Lovers' Club, and librarian of the MacDowell College. Has made quite a name for herself in literature as well, having written "Nimrod's Wife," "A. B. C. Zoo Sketches," serial stories, and songs.
HARRIET HANSON ROBINSON.
Born in Boston, February 8, 1825. Daughter of William and Harriet Browne Hanson. Was one of the girls employed in the factories of Lowell who wrote for the Lowell Offering, showing ability and higher intelligence. Married in 1848 William S. Robinson, a journalist, who wrote under the pen-name of "Warrington," and died March, 1876. Mrs. Robinson is the author of the "Warrington Pen-Portraits," "Massachusetts in the Woman Suffrage Movement," a woman suffrage play, and other writings.
HARRIETTE LUCY ROBINSON SHATTUCK.
Born in Lowell, Massachusetts, December 4, 1850. Daughter of William Stevens and Harriet Hanson Robinson. In 1878 married Sidney Doane Shattuck, of Maiden, Massachusetts. Was assistant clerk of the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1872, being the first woman to hold such a position. Has written several books.
ESTELLE MAY HURLL.
Born in New Bedford, Massachusetts, July 25, 1863. Daughter of Charles W. and Sarah S. Hurll. In 1908 married John C. Hurll. Teacher of ethics at Wellesley College from 1884-91. Author of books on art, including "Child Life in Art," "The Madonna in Art," and books on Rembrandt, Michael Angelo, "Greek Sculpture," "Titian," "Landseer," "Correggio," "Tuscan Sculpture," "Van Dyck," "Portrait and Portrait Painting."
JENNETTE LEE.
Born in Bristol, Connecticut, November 10, i860. Daughter of Philemon Perry and Mary Barbour Perry. In 1896, married Gerald Stanley Lee. At one time was a teacher of English at Vassar College, and also of English in the College for Women, Western Reserve University. Professor of English language and literature in Smith College since 1904. Author of several books, a few of which are "Kate Wetherell," "A Pillar of Salt," "The Son of a Fiddler," and many other sketches and short stories.
JULIA ARABELLA EASTMAN.
Daughter of Rev. John and Prudence D. Eastman. Associate principal of Dana Hall, Wellesley. Author.
MARY FRANCES BLAISDELL.
Born in Manchester, New Hampshire, April 20, 1874. Daughter of Clark and Clara M. Blaisdell. The author, in conjunction with her sister, Etta A. Blaisdell MacDonald, of several books for children: "Child Life in Tale and Fable," "Child Life in Many Lands," "Child Life in Literature," "The Child Primer," "The Blaisdell Spellers," "The Child Life Fifth Reader," and stories for children.
CAROLINE VAN DUSEN CHENOWETH.
Born near Louisville, Kentucky, December 29, 1846. Daughter of Charles and Mary Huntington Van Dusen. Married Col. Bernard Peel Chenoweth, who was United States Consul at Canton, China, and died while occupying this position. Mrs. Chenoweth settled his affairs with the government and received recognition from the United States and the Chinese government as vice-consul. Was professor at one time of English literature in Smith College; also lecturer on history and English literature. Author of "Child Life in China," "School History of Worcester," and other historical books. Contributor to various magazines and reviews.
ANNIE RUSSELL MARBLE.
Born in Worcester, Massachusetts, August 10, 1864. Daughter of Isaiah Dunster and Nancy Maria Wentworth Russell. In 1890, married Charles Francis Marble, of Worcester, Massachusetts. Author of "Thoreau — His Home, Friends and Books," "Books in Their Seasons," "Heralds of American Literature," and has edited other books.
ALICE ELINOR BARTLETT.
Writer under the pen-name of "Birch Arnold." Born in Delavan, Wisconsin, September 4, 1848. Daughter of J. B. and Sophronia E. Braley Bowen. Wrote for many years on the Chicago newspapers. Now engaged in general literary work, besides writer of verse.
CHARLOTTE FISKE BATES.
Writer under the pen-name of "Mme. Roge." Born in New York, November 30, 1838. Daughter of Hervey and Eliza (Endicott) Bates. In 1891 she married M. Adolph Roge, who died in 1896. Author of poems. Editor of the "Longfellow Birthday Book," "Cambridge Book of Poetry and Song," and aided Mr. Longfellow in compiling "Poems of Places."
MARY JOANNA SAFFORD.
Was born at Salem, Massachusetts. Daughter of Samuel Appleton and Frances Parker Safford. Is a contributor of original articles, poems, and translations to magazines. Is considered one of the best translators of German stories, and has translated a great many of these for magazines and periodicals. She makes her home in Washington, where she is considered one of the prominent literary women of the Capital City.
JOSEPHINE McCRACKIN.
Mrs. McCrackin came to America from Prussia in 1846. Writes for a great many newspapers. Was the instigator of the movement in behalf of conserving the redwoods of California, and founded the Ladies' Forest and Song-Bird Protective Association. Was the first woman member and fourth vice-president of the California Game and Fish Protective Association. Active in the Humane Society, member of all protective societies of California, and the Woman's Press Association. A prominent Roman Catholic.
LAURA CATHERINE SEARING.
Mrs. Searing was born in Somerset, Maryland, February, 1840. In her childhood she lost her hearing and power of speech through illness. Educated at the Deaf Mute University of Missouri and at the Clark Institute, Northampton, Massachusetts, where she regained to quite a degree her power of speech. Married a prominent attorney of New York, Edward W. Searing, in 1876. Has been a correspondent on many of the prominent newspapers, doing this work for the Missouri Republican during the Civil War. Is one of the American authors now residing in Santa Cruz, California.
LA SALLE CORBELL PICKETT.
Mrs. Pickett is the widow of General George Edward Pickett, C. S. A., who was a conspicuous figure in the Battle of Gettysburg, September 15, 1863. Since her husband's death she has occupied a position in one of the departments in Washington, and has done considerable editorial and literary work in the form of short stories, poems and special articles. Has lectured on patriotic subjects, and has written sketches of Abraham Lincoln, Jefferson Davis, Lee, Jackson, and Grant.
ANNIE JENNESS MILLER.
CYNTHIA WESTOVER ALDEN.
Mrs. Alden's grandfather was Alexander Campbell, founder of the Campbellites, and her father, who was a noted geologist and expert miner, was a descendant of the Westovers of Virginia, who settled early in 1600 near the site where Richmond now stands. Her mother died when Mrs. Alden was so young that she has no memory of her, but from her earliest girlhood she accompanied her father on all his prospecting tours from Mexico to Canada. Naturally, from these early surroundings she became an expert shot and horsewoman, and she also acquired an intimate knowledge of birds and flowers, the habits of wild animals, and many other secrets of nature. She was born in Iowa, in 1858, but her education was gained in whatever place she and her father happened to be, and was the result of his companionship as much as anything else, until she went to the State University of Colorado. After graduating there she took a four-year course in a commercial college, where she was considered a skilled mathematician, and after going to New York this practical side of her nature asserted itself, and she took the civil service examination for custom house inspector. She was promptly appointed, and with her usual force and energy began to learn French, German, and Italian. She acquired a general knowledge of languages which placed her, in an incredibly short time, on speaking terms with most of the immigrants of all nationalities coming to her shore. When Commissioner Beattie came into the Street Cleaning Department of New York City he appointed her his private secretary, she being the only woman, up to that time, who had held a position by appointment in any of the city departments. During the illness of the Commissioner, for several weeks, she managed successfully the force of the entire department. Many Italians were on the force, and for the first time in their experience they could air their grievances at headquarters in their own language. As a further illustration of her active mind she invented a cart for carrying and dumping dirt, for which the Parisian Academy for Inventors conferred upon her the title of Membre d'Honneur with a diploma and a gold medal. She was joint author of a book entitled, "Manhattan, Historic and Artistic," which was so favorably received that the first edition was exhausted in ten days. She afterwards became a newspaper writer and secretary of the Women s Press Club of New York City. Her latest work is one of tender benevolence, having organized a Shut-in Society, by which bed-ridden and chair-ridden invalids correspond with one another through her medium, and try to make of their pitiful lives a Sunshine Society.
ISABELLA MACDONALD ALDEN.
Whose nom de plume is "Pansy," was born in Rochester, New York, November 3, 1831. Her pen name was given her by her father because she picked all of the treasured blossoms from a bed grown by her mother. She wrote stories, sketches, compositions, and these were first published in the village papers. She wrote her first real story to compete for the prize offered for the best Sunday School book, and gained her aim. "Helen Lester" was the first volume to appear signed by the well-known name of "Pansy." Some of her books are "Esther Reid," "Four Girls at Chautauqua," "Chautauqua Girls at Home," "Tip Lewis and His Lamp," "Three People," "Links in Rebecca's Life," "Julia Reid," "The King's Daughter," "The Browning Boys," "From Different Standpoints," "Mrs. Harry Harper's Awakening." Mrs. Alden was always deeply interested in Sunday School and primary teaching. She was prominently identified with the Chautauqua movement, and most of her books appear in the Sunday School libraries of the United States. She was married to Rev. G. R. Alden in 1866, and is as successful a pastor's wife as she is an author. Mrs. Alden is the mother of a very gifted son, Prof. Raymond Macdonald Alden.
MARY COOLIDGE.
Mrs. Coolidge was born at Kingsbury, Indiana, October 28, i860. Daughter of Prof. Isaac Roberts and Margaret Jane Roberts. Obtained a degree from Cornell in 1880, one from Leland Stanford in 1882. Her first husband was Albert W. Smith, of Berkeley, California; her second, Dane Coolidge. She served as a teacher of history in the Washington high school, also of Miss Nourse and Miss Robert's school of the Capital; also in private schools in Cincinnati, one of the board of examiners of Wesleyan College, Professor of Sociology of Stanford University, and one of the research assistants in the Carnegie Institute of Washington; also in the research work of San Francisco Relief Survey. Contributor of various articles on sociology and economics to the various magazines of our country. Has written on Chinese immigration and other subjects of public interest. Is considered one of the able women writers and thinkers of the country.
GRACE McGOWAN COOKE.
Mrs. Cooke was born at Grand Rapids, Ohio, September 11, 1863. She is the daughter of John E. and Melvina J. McGowan. Married William Cooke, of Chattanooga, Tennessee, February 17, 1877, and was the first woman president of the Woman's Press Club of Tennessee. Her writings are among the best known of our country. Among them are "Mistress Joy," "Return," "Hulda," "A Gourd Fiddle," "Their First Formal Call," and many contributions to the best magazines.
ALICE McGOWAN.
Miss McGowan is a sister of Grace McGowan Cooke, and was born at Perrysburg, Ohio, December 10, 1858. She was educated at the public schools of Chattanooga. In 1890, desirous of procuring literary material, she rode alone through the Black Mountain regions of North Carolina to her home in Chattanooga a distance of one thousand miles. Her stories are among the best of modern fiction, and include "The Last Word," "Judith of the Cumberlands," and "The Wiving of Lance Cleaverage."
OLIVE THORNE MILLER.
Is the most distinguished woman writer and lecturer on ornithology in this country. She was born in Auburn, New York, June 25, 1831. Daughter of Seth Hunt Mann and Mary Holbrook Mann. Married in 1854 to Mr. Watts Todd Miller. The lists of her books are numerous and valuable, especially to children in the study of bird life, and include, "Little Folks in Feathers and Fur," "Little Brothers of the Air," "True Bird Stories," and "The Bird, Our Brother."
ELIZABETH BISLAND WETMORE.
Mrs. Wetmore was born in Camp Bisland, Fairfax Plantation, Teche County, Louisiana, in 1863. Her family was one of the oldest in the South, and like all such, lost all their property in the Civil War, which necessitated Miss Bisland's supporting herself and members of her family. Having shown some talent for writing, she took up journalism, and her first sketches were published when she was but fifteen years of age, under the name of B. L. R. Dane. She did considerable work for the New Orleans Times-Democrat and became literary editor of that paper, but the field not being wide enough she removed to New York to work on the newspapers and periodicals of that city. She was soon offered the position of literary editor of the Cosmopolitan Magazine, and while occupying this position she made her famous journey around the world, attempting to make better time than that made by Nellie Bly, who undertook the journey for the New York World. This brought Miss Bisland's name conspicuously before the public, and in 1890 she went to London, England, in the interest of the Cosmopolitan, writing for that magazine letters from London and Paris which were favorably received. She collaborated with Miss Rhoda Boughton in a novel and a play, and is the author of several books. In October, 1891, she became the wife of Charles W. Wetmore, of New York City.
HELEN BIGLOW MERRIMAN.
Born in Boston, July 14, 1844. Daughter of Erastus B. and Eliza Frances (Means) Biglow. Author and artist.
FANNIE HUNTINGTON RUNNELLS POOLE.
Born at Oxford, New Hampshire. Daughter of Rev. Moses Thurston and Fannie Maria Baker Runnells. Book reviewer for Town and Country, and author of "Books of Verse."
ELLEN A. RICHARDSON.
Born at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, August, 1845. Daughter of Oren and Ann H. W. Bragden. Married in 1870, A. Maynard Richardson, of Boston. Founder and also first president for three years, and now honorary president of the George Washington Memorial Association, founded for the purpose of promoting a national university. Organized also the Home Congress; was founder of the Massachusetts Business League; one of the judges of art on the board of awards of the Chicago Exposition and the Atlanta Exposition. Is the head of the cabinet department of art and literature of the National Council of Women of the United States, and represented this organization in Berlin in 1904. Founded and edited the Woman's Review; also edited booklets on Home for the Home Congresses; The Business Folio; has edited the home department of the Boston Commonwealth; a contributor to magazines and a reviewer to The Arena.
MARY ALDEN WARD.
Born in Cincinnati, March 1, 1853. Daughter of Prince W. and Rebecca Neal Alden, and a direct descendant of John and Priscilla Mullins, of Plymouth colony. Prominent and active in women's club work. Editor of Federation Bulletin, national official publication of the General Federation of Woman's Clubs, and author of a "Life of Dante," "Petrarch; a Sketch of His Life and Work," "Prophets of the Nineteenth Century," and "Old Colony Days."
LILIAN WHITING.
Born at Niagara Falls, New York, October 3, 1859. Daughter of Hon. Lorenzo Dowe and Lucia Clement Whiting. Literary editor, Boston Traveler; editor of the Boston Budget, and author of "The World Beautiful," "From Dreamland Sent," a book of poems, "A Study of the Life and Poetry of Elizabeth Barrett Browning," "A Record of Kate Field," "The World Beautiful in Books," "Boston Days," "Florence of Landor," "The Outlook Beautiful," "Italy, the Magic Land," "Paris the Beautiful," etc.
KATE TANNATT WOODS.
Born in Peekskill, New York. Daughter of James S. and Mary Tannatt. Married George H. Woods, a prominent lawyer and officer on General Sherman's staff. Has done editorial work on Harper's Bazar, Ladies' Home Journal, Boston Transcript, Globe and Herald, and several magazines. Active worker in women's clubs of Massachusetts. One of the original officers and first auditor of the General Federation of Woman's Clubs. Founder of the Massachusetts State Federation of Woman's Clubs, and the Thought and Work Club of Salem, Massachusetts. Has written quite a number of stories on New England life, and also stories of New Mexico.
HANNAH AMELIA DAVIDSON.
Born in Campello, Massachusetts, October 29, 1852. Daughter of Spencer Williams and Mary Packard Noyes. In 1878 married Charles Davidson. Student and teacher of Sanskrit. Teacher of Greek, Latin, and English history, and principal of the Minneapolis Academy at one time. Taught history and English in the Belmont School, California. Student and graduate of the University of Chicago in economics, history and politics. Lecturer on literature, art in fiction, and the drama for Wellesley and Mount Holyoke colleges. Author of "Reference History of the United States," "The Gift of Genius," author and publisher of "The Study Guide Series," also "Study Guide Courses." Edited with aids to study and critical essays, "Riverside Literature Series," "Silas Marner," "Vicar of Wakefield," "House of Seven Gables," "Vision of Sir Launfal," "Irving's Sketch Book," and "Franklin's Autobiography."
HELEN MARIA WINSLOW.
Born in Westfield, Vermont. Daughter of Don Avery and Mary S. Newton Winslow. Writer for papers and magazines. Editor and publisher of The Club Woman. Writer of short stories. Editor and publisher annually of the Official Register of the Directory of Woman's Clubs of America.
MARY REBECCA FOSTER GILMAN.
Born in Worcester, Massachusetts, in 1859. Daughter of Dwight and Henriette P. B. Foster. Married in 1887, Rev. Bradley Gilman. Critic on the Springfield Republican and Suburban Life. Author of "The Life of St. Theresa," in series of famous women, "The Pilgrim's Scrip," a collection of wisdom and wit of George Meredith. Edited Mrs. Fawcett's "Life of Queen Victoria." A contributor to magazines and periodicals.
HARRIET ELIZA PAINE.
Writer under the name of Eliza Chester. Born at Rehoboth, Massachusetts, May 5, 1845. Daughter of Dr. John Chester, and Eliza Folger Paine. Author of "Bird Songs of New England," "Chats with Girls on Self Culture," "The Unmarried Woman," and editor of the "Life of Eliza Baylies Wheaton."
ANN EMILIE POULSSON.
Born at Cedar Grove, New Jersey, September 8, 1853. Daughter of Halvor and Ruth Ann Mitchell Poulsson. Graduate of the kindergarten normal class. Teacher in School for Blind, of South Boston; joint editor of the Kindergarten Review. Author of "Nursery Finger Plays," "Child Stories and Rhymes," "Love and Law in Child Training," "Holiday Songs."
SARAH PRATT GREENE.
ELEANOR HABAWELL ABBOT COBURN.
Born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, September 22, 1872. Daughter of Rev. Edward and Clara Davis Abbot. In 1908 she married Dr. Fordice Coburn, of Lowell, Massachusetts. In October, 1905, won the thousand dollar prize offered by Collier with her story, "The Sick Abed Lady," and again in 1907 with one entitled "The Very Tired Girl," and in Howell's selections of the best short stories these are mentioned. Has been a contributor to magazines.
MARY MAPES DODGE.
For many years editor of St. Nicholas, and through this magazine she endeared herself to the youth of America. Mrs. Dodge was a native of New York City, where she was born January 26, 1838. Her father was Professor James J. Mapes, one of the first promoters of scientific farming in the United States. When quite young, she married William Dodge, a lawyer of New York, and after his death took up the vocation of literature as a means of educating her two sons. At first her writings were short sketches for children, a volume of which was published in 1864 under the name of "Irvington Stories." This was followed by "Hans Brinker, or the Silver Skates." She was engaged with Harriet Beecher Stowe and Donald G. Mitchell as one of the editors of Hearth and Home, conducting the children's department of that journal for several years. From this she became editor of St. Nicholas in 1873, and continued in that position until her death in 1905. Her famous story, "Hans Brinker," has been translated into Dutch, French, German, Russian and Italian. She also published a number of other volumes of prose and poetry and contributed to the principal magazines of the country, the Atlantic, Harper's and the Century.
SUSAN ARNOLD ELSTON WALLACE.
GEORGINA PELL CURTIS.
Georgina Pell Curtis, daughter of Alfred Leonard and Maria Elizabeth (Hill) Curtis, was born in New York city, February 19th, 1859. At the age of seven years she lost her hearing and was educated at the Fort Washington, N. Y., Deaf and Dumb Institute, and by private tutors. At the age of thirteen she was sent to St. Mary's Protestant Episcopal School, New York, where she remained until her graduation at the age of seventeen. At this school she was the only deaf pupil. For five years after graduation she studied art and worked under different masters, and had almost decided to adopt art as a profession when it was suggested to her that she should try and write. This she thought quite impossible, but was urged so strongly that she made the attempt, and succeeded.
In the meantime, she had joined the Roman Catholic Church, and it is as a Catholic writer that she is best known. She has written for all the best Catholic magazines and has brought out three books—"Trammellings," a collection of short stories of which she is the author; "Some Roads to Rome in America," and "The American Catholic Who's Who," of which she is the editor. Miss Curtis is lineally descended on the paternal side from Peregrine White, the first child born in the Mayflower colony.
The first edition of the "American Catholic Who's Who" appeared in 1911, and the editor hopes to bring it out every year or two, making it a permanent record of prominent American Catholics in the United States, Canada and Europe.
EMMA LAZARUS.
A prominent Jewish educator has recently said, in speaking of his people in America, "We cannot boast such a poet as Heine, a soldier in the intellectual war of liberation which has freed European thought from its mediaeval shackles, but there did bloom amongst us the delicate flower of Emma Lazarus' work." And, indeed, it is to be doubted whether poetic feeling and the strength of this young writer's work has been excelled by any other American author.
Emma Lazarus was born in New York City, July 22, 1849, and despite the fact that death came to her just as she had reached her prime she had gained a place and made a mark in literature far above the achievements of many eminent lives well rounded by age. She was the daughter of Moses Lazarus, a well-known merchant of New York, and received a literary education under private tutors. Her attainments included Hebrew, Greek and Latin and modern languages. Even in her childhood she was noted for her quickness and intelligence and her text-book education she herself broadened by her reading on religious, philosophical, and scientific subjects until she became a profound thinker. Her literary bent displayed itself when at seventeen years of age she published a volume of poems, "Admetus," which at once attracted attention by the remarkable character of the work and which brought her many flattering notices.
In 1874 she produced her first important work, "Alide," a romance founded on the episodes in the early life of Goethe. Some translations from Heine that followed were even more successful in making her known. In 1880 was begun the publication of the work to which she had for some time addressed herself, upon the position, history and wrongs of her people. This first book was called "Sons of the Semite" and opened with a five-act tragedy called "The Dance of Death," dealing with the stories of Jewish persecution in the fifteenth century. She wrote for the Century a number of striking essays on Jewish topics, among which were "Russian Christianity vs. Modern Judaism," "The Jewish Problem," and "Was the Earl of Beaconsfield a Representative Jew?" Her work also includes critical articles on Salvini, Emerson and others. In the winter of 1882, when many Russian Jews were flocking to New York City to escape Russian persecution, Miss Lazarus published in the American Hebrew stories and articles solving the question of occupation for the newcomers. Her plan involved industrial and technical education, and the project was carried out along that line. Her last work was published in the Century in May, 1887. It was a series of poems in prose entitled "By the Waters of Babylon," and the attention it excited and the admiration accorded it were general, here as well as across the Atlantic. Miss Lazarus died November 19, 1887. There was no art to which she did not respond with splendid appreciation—music, painting, poetry and drama—she felt keenly, intelligently and generously the special charm of each. For moral ideas she had the keenness of her race. She had, too, that genius for friendship which so few fully understood. That such a nature should have formed close ties of intellectual sympathy with men of the character of Emerson, in America, and Browning, in England, is not a matter of surprise.
ELLEN BLACKMAR BARKER.
Mrs. Barker writes under the name of Ellen Blackmar Maxwell. She was born at West Springfield, Pennsylvania. Her first husband, Rev. Allen J. Maxwell, died at Lucknow, India, in 1890. Wrote "The Bishop's Conversion," "Three Old Maids in Hawaii," and "The Way of Fire." Her second husband is Albert Smith Barker.
MARY CLARE DE GRAFFENRIED.
Miss De Graffenried was born in Macon, Georgia, May 19, 1849. Collector of statistics for the Bureau of Labor of the United States. Has collected data on industrial and sociological subjects in the United States, Belgium and France. Has contributed to magazines on these subjects.
ELLA LORAINE DORSEY.
Miss Dorsey was born in Washington, D. C, March 2, 1853. Daughter of Lorenzo and Anna Hanson Dorsey. Is a graduate of the Visitation Convent, Georgetown, D. C. For many years special correspondent for Washington, Chicago, Boston, and Cincinnati papers. Indexer and Russian translator, Scientific Library, United States Department of the Interior. Is a member of the advisory board of Trinity College, the Catholic college for the higher education of women in the United States, located in Washington, D. C. Member of the Daughters of the American Revolution, Colonial Dames, and other patriotic societies. Has contributed able articles to the magazines and has written many stories, among them "Midshipman Bob," "The Two Tramps," "The Taming of Polly," "Pickle and Pepper," "Pocahontas," "The End of the White Man's Trail."
JENNIE GOULD LINCOLN.
Mrs. Lincoln is the daughter of the late Judge George Gould of the New York Court of Appeals and the wife of Dr. Nathan Smith Lincoln, of Washington, D. C, now deceased. She is the author of quite a number of short stories and a contributor to magazines. Is one of the prominent society women of Washington who have made a name for themselves in the literary field.
MARY SMITH LOCKWOOD.
Mrs. Lockwood was born at Hanover, New York, October 24, 1831. The daughter of Henry and Beulah Blodgett Smith. In September, 1851, she married Henry C. Lockwood. She was one of the founders of the D. A. R., Commissioner-at-Large of the World's Fair in Chicago, and was the first historian-general and is the vice-president for life of the D. A. R. Prominent member of the Woman's Suffrage Club, Historical Association, Woman's Press Union, one of the committee which prepared the history of women's work at the Chicago Exposition, and is the author of several books, "Historic Homes of Washington," "Handbook of Ceramic Art," "Story of the Records of the D. A. R.," one of the editors of the D. A. R. Magazine, and edits the D. A. R. reports to Smithsonian Institution.
IDA TREADWELL THURSTON.
Mrs. Thurston is known by her pen name, "Marion Thorne." She has written several stories, among them "The Bishop's Shadow," "Boys of the Central," "A Frontier Hero," and many other excellent stories for boys.
EDITH ELMER WOOD.
Mrs. Wood was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, September 24, 1871. Daughter of Commodore Horace Elmer, U. S. N, and Adele Wiley Elmer. Is the wife of Capt. Albert Norton Wood U. S. N. Mrs. Wood was the founder and first president of the Anti-Tuberculosis League of Porto Rico, which maintains hospitals and sanitariums for indigent patients and conducts a campaign on the isle against this dread disease. She has written several stories and contributed to the leading magazines and newspapers.
MYRTA LOCKETT AVARY.
Mrs. Avary was born in Halifax, Virginia. Is prominent in fresh air and settlement work in the various cities, and engaged in sociology and historical work in the South. Has served on the editorial staff of several high-class magazines and written for syndicates and the religious press on sociology and stories of tenement life, also stories of the Civil War, and edited "Recollections of Alexander H. Stephens," etc.
AMY ALLEMAND BERNARDY.
Though born at Florence, Italy, January 16, 1880, Miss Bernardy is conspicuous for her work in this country. She has been professor of Italian at Smith College, contributor to various magazines and newspapers, and prominently identified with emigration and immigration study movement in Italy and the United States, and is the author of several books in Italian.
URSULA NEWELL GESTEFELD.
Born in Augusta, Maine. Founder of the system of new thought known as the Science of Being, and instructor for the Exodus Club, organized in Chicago in 1897, which became later the Church of New Thought and College of the Science of Being. She was the first pastor of this church and head of the college. She has written several works on this subject and has a large following of students.
FLORENCE HUNTLEY.
Mrs. Huntley was born at Alliance, Ohio. Daughter of Rev. Henry and Charlotte Trego Chance. Editor of the Iowa City Republican in 1901. Now engaged on a series of writings on the system of science and philosophy intended to connect the demonstrated and recorded knowledge of ancient spiritual schools with the discovered and published facts of the modern physical school of science. Has written several books, among them "Harmonics of Evolution," "The Great Psychological Crime," "The Destructive Principle of Nature in Individual Life," and "The Constructive Principle of Individual Life," etc.
KATE FISHER KIMBALL.
Miss Kimball was born at Orange, New Jersey, February 22, i860. Daughter of Horace and Mary D. Kimball. Has been editor of the Round Table of the Chautauquan Assembly since October, 1899, and has written the reports of that circle for general circulation.
AMELIA GERE MASON.
ELIZA RUHAMAH SCIDMORE.
Miss Scidmore was born at Madison, Wisconsin, October 14, 1856. Her parents being missionaries in Japan and China, Miss Scidmore has spent much of her time in Japan and many of her writings are stories of that country. She first became conspicuous as a writer in the St. Louis Globe-Democrat, writing letters from Washington over the signature, "Ruhamah," and by her pen name she is best known. She has written on Alaska, Java, China, India, and her work is reliable and her style fascinating. She spends much of her time in Washington.
M. SEARS BROOKS.
Mrs. Brooks was born in Springfield, Massachusetts. Her family, the Tuttles, of Hertfordshire, England, settled in New Haven, Connecticut upon a tract of land now occupied by Yale College, and this tract remained in their family for more than a century. Her grandfather was one of Anthony Wayne's men at the storming of Stony Point. Presidents Dwight and Woolsey, of Yale, are descendants of her family; also Prescott, the historian, and other noted people. Mrs. Brooks is the author of poems, essays, and short stories which have appeared in the newspapers and magazines of the country.
KATHARINE G. BUSBEY.
Mrs. Katharine G. Busbey was born in Brooklyn, New York. Graduated from Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, in 1885. Was married in 1896, and has lived in Washington since that date.
Her father, Horace Graves, was a lawyer; her mother, a college president; her uncle, a college professor.
Mrs. Busbey wrote "The Letters from a New Congressman's Wife," published in a popular magazine. The publisher said they were good and wanted to use her name, but she decided that they should go anonymously to test their value—fearing these stories would be attributed to her husband, who was in the center of the Washington political maelstrom, and people might say she acted only as his amanuensis. She was right. The stories were popular and when a year later the same magazine printed a story by Katharine G. Busbey, author of "Letters from a New Congressman's Wife," she received many letters from all parts of the country and many compliments from public men who had enjoyed those letters. In 1908 she went to England to prepare a report for the United States Bureau of Labor on the conditions of women in English factories, and while in London received a proposition to write for a London publisher a book on "Home Life in America." That book was published in 19 10, and it received extended and favorable reviews in all the great literary papers and the dailies. Many of the reviewers did not know the author, but credited her with information, industry and cleverness in handling the subject.
In the past year she has had stories in the Saturday Evening Post, Harper's Magazine, The Sunday Magazine, Good Housekeeping, and other magazines here and in England.
Mrs. Busbey is a college bred woman who came back to literature after she had served her country as a mother, and is destined to achieve a brilliant success in the literary world.
ALICE MAY DOUGLAS.
Born in Bath, Maine, June 28, 1865. Daughter of Joshua Lufkin and Helen Lauraman Harvey Douglas. Writer of Sunday School lessons for the primary department in Sunday School journals. Active worker in the missionary societies of the Methodist Church. Delegate to the Boston Peace Congress. Founder of the Peace Makers' Band, and the author of several volumes of verse and songs, also stories and booklets. Contributor to magazines and religious papers.
LAURA ELIZABETH RICHARDS.
Born in Boston, February 27, 1850. Daughter of Samuel Gridley and Julia Ward Howe. Author of sketches and many short stories, letters and journals of Samuel Gridley Howe and the life of Florence Nightingale for young people. Married Henry Richards, of Gardiner, Maine, June 17, 1871.
ELIZA HAPPY MORTON.
Born July 15, 1852, in Westbrook, a former suburb of Portland, Maine. Daughter of Wilson and Eliza Hannah Phenix Morton. Teacher of geography in the normal department of the Battle Creek College, Michigan, at one time. Has written several books on. geography such as "Chalk Lessons for Geography-Classes," "Potter's Elementary Geography," "Potter's Advanced Geography," also teachers' editions of both works, "Morton's Elementary Geography," "Morton's Advanced Geography," "Thought; Its Origin and Power," many songs and hymns, one of well-known songs entitled "The Songs My Mother Sang."
MARY BRADFORD CROWNINSHIELD.
Daughter of Judge John Melancthon and Sarah Elizabeth Hopkins Bradford. A descendant from Gov. William Bradford, of the Plymouth colony. In July, 1870, married A. Schuyler Crovvninshield, who died in May, 1908. Has written several stories, among them "A Romance of the West Indies," "Where the Trade Wind Blows," "All Among the Light-Houses," "The Light-House Children Abroad," "San Isidro," and "The Archbishop and the Lady."
ELLA MAUDE MOORE.
Born at Warren, Maine, July 22, 1849. Daughter of Samuel Emerson and Maria Copeland Smith. In 1872 married Joseph E. Moore, of Thomaston, Maine. Her great claim for conspicuous mention among the famous literary women of the United States is the poem known as "The Rock of Ages," which, it is said, was written hastily on the inside of an old envelope, but which is to-day one of the famous hymns used in almost all of the Protestant churches and is without doubt the most popular. She has written stories for girls for newspapers and magazines; also songs.
MARIE LOUISE MALLOY.
Born in Baltimore. Daughter of John and Frances (Sollers) Malloy. Now dramatic editor and editorial writer and humorist of the Baltimore American over the signature "Josh Wink." Author with Creston Clark of "The Ragged Cavalier."
ELAINE GOODALE EASTMAN.
Born at Mount Washington, Massachusetts, October 9, 1863. Daughter of Henry S. and Dora H. (Read) Goodale. In 1891 married Charles A. Eastman. In her early youth wrote verses, in connection with her sister. From 1883 to 1891 was teacher and supervisor of Indian schools and has written magazine and newspaper articles on Indian life and character and the education of Indian children.
ADELAIDE S. HALL.
SOPHIA MIRIAM SWEET.
Born in Brewer, Maine. Daughter of Nathaniel and Susan Brastow Sweet. At one time associate editor of the Wide Awake. Writer of short stories and juvenile books
ABBIE FARWELL BROWN.
Born in Boston. Daughter of Benjamin F. and Clara (Neal) Brown. Educated at Radcliffe College. At one time one of the editors of the Young Folks' Library. Author of books on animals, flowers, birds and other subjects. Writer of stories for children. Contributor to magazines and newspapers. Editor of the Library for Young People.
EMMA ELIZABETH BROWN.
Born in Concord, New Hampshire, October 18, 1847. Daughter of John Frost and Elizabeth (Evans) Brown. Writer and illustrator. Has written the lives of Washington, Grant, Garfield, Oliver Wendell Holmes, James Russell Lowell and other noted persons. Is the author of many other books of prose and verse, and is a contributor to magazines.
KATE LOUISE BROWN.
Born in Adams, Massachusetts, May 9, 1857. Daughter of Edgar M. and Mary T. Brown. Contributor to magazines and juvenile publications. Is the author of children's songs and music for the kindergarten.
ANNIE PAYSON CALL.
Born in Arlington, Massachusetts, May 17, 1853. Daughter of Henry E. and Emily (Payson) Call. Teacher of nerve training. Author of works entitled "Power Through Repose," "The Freedom of Life," "A Man of the World" and "Nerves and Common-Sense."
MARGARETTA WADE DELAND.
Born in Allegheny, Pennsylvania, February 23, 1857. In 1880 married Lorin F. Deland, of Boston. Author of the well-known novel, "John Ward, Preacher," "The Old Garden and Other Verses," "Philip and His Wife," "Florida Days," "Sydney," "The Story of a Child," "The Wisdom of Fools," "Mr. Tommy Dove and Other Stories," "Old Chester Tales," "Dr. Lavender's People," "The Common Way," "The Awakening of Helena Richie," which has become as famous as John Ward, Preacher," and has been dramatized.
MARY ELIZABETH DEWEY.
MRS. GEORGE SHELDON DOWNS.
Born at Wrentham, Massachusetts, June 5, 1843. Daughter of Edward A. and Malvina Ware Forbush. Writer of fiction in serial stories and books under the pen name of "Mrs. Georgie Sheldon." Among them, "A Brownie's Triumph," "A True Aristocrat," "Betsy's Transformation," "Gertrude Elliot's Crucible."
FANNIE MERRITT FARMER.
Born in Boston, March 23, 1857. Daughter of John Franklin and Mary (Watson) Farmer. Principal of Miss Farmer's School of Cookery since 1892. Author of many works on domestic science, among them "The Boston Cooking School Cook Book," "Food and Cookery for the Sick and Convalescent."
ANNIE ADAMS FIELDS.
Born in Boston, June 6, 1834. Daughter of Dr. Zabdiel Boylston and Sarah May (Holland) Adams. In 1854 married James Thomas Fields, of Boston, who died in 1881. Has written "Memoirs of James Fields," "Whittier; Notes of His Life and Friendship," "Authors and Friends," "Nathaniel Hawthorne," "The Singing Shepherd," and other poems.
EDNA ABIGAIL FOSTER.
Born in Sullivan Harbor, Maine. Daughter of Charles W. and Sarah J. Dyer Foster. Contributor to journals and magazines. Editor at one time of The Household; also associate editor of the Youth's Companion since 1901, and the author of several stories.
ELIZABETH LINCOLN GOULD.
Born in Boston. Daughter of Charles Duren and Sarah Bell (Wheeler) Gould. Contributor to Youth's Companion. Author of a play from Louisa M. Alcott's "Little Men"; also one from "Little Women"; the stories, "Little Polly Prentiss," "Felicia," and "Felicia's Friend," and others.
EDITH GUERRIER.
Born in New Bedford, Massachusetts, September 20, 1870. Daughter of George Pearce and Emma Louisa Ricketson Guerrier. Head resident of Library Club House, Boston. Author of "Wonderfolk in Wonderland," and other folklore stories.
MARY BRONSON HARTT.
Born in Ithaca, New York, March 23. 1873. Daughter of Prof. Charles Frederick and Lucy Cornelia Lynde Hartt. Her father was a professor of Cornell University. She is a contributor to the World's Work, Scribner's, Century, Youth's Companion, and Boston Transcript.
MARGARET HORTON POTTER.
Born in Chicago, May 20, 1881. Daughter of R. N. W. and Ellen Owen Potter. Married John D. Black, of Chicago, January 1, 1902. Her book, "The Social Lion," published in 1899, created quite a sensation. It has since been followed by others : "Uncanonized," "The House of De Mailly," "Istar of Babylon," "The Castle of Twilight," "The Flame-Gatherers," "The Fire of Spring," "The Princess," "The Golden Ladder," etc.
ELIZABETH ARMSTRONG REED.
Born in Winthrop, Maine, May 16, 1842. Daughter of Alvin and Sylvia Armstrong, who were both prominent educators. She is the only woman whose work has been accepted by the Philosophical Society of Great Britain. Contributor to Encyclopedia Americana, and Biblical Encyclopedia. Author of "The Bible Triumphant," a book on Hindu literature, and also others on the literature of Persia, ancient and modern, "Primitive Buddhism ; Its Origin and Teachings," etc.
LIZZIE E. WOOSTER.
Born in Stubenville, July 24, 1870. Daughter of Charles C. and Nannie Cullom Wooster. Has been engaged in the authorship and editing of school books since 1896, and is her own publisher, establishing her own firm under the name of Wooster and Company. She is the author of reading charts, primers, arithmetics, primary recitations, "First Reader," "Elementary Arithmetic," "Wooster's Combination Reading Chart," "Wooster Sentence Builder," "Wooster Number Builders," "The Wooster Readers," and other well-known school books.
MADELINE YALE WYNNE.
Born at Newport, New York, September 25, 1847. Daughter of Linus Yale, Jr. (inventor of the Yale lock), and Catherine Brooks Yale. Was a student of art in Boston Art Museum and in New York. Pupil of George Fuller. Has originated and developed an interesting specialty in hand-wrought metals. Is a contributor to many of the magazines. Author of "The Little Room," and other stories.
MARY BLATCHLEY BRIGGS.
REBECCA RUTER SPRINGER.
Mrs. Rebecca Ruter Springer was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, November 8, 1832. Daughter of Rev. Calvin W. Ruter, a prominent clergyman of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and was educated in the Wesleyan Female College in Cincinnati, Ohio.
In 1859 she married William M. Springer, a noted lawyer of Illinois, and afterwards Congressman for several terms from that state. Mrs. Springer passed much of her life in the Capital City, and no woman was more beloved nor more conspicuous through her abilities and charm of manner. Mrs. Springer wrote several books of verse and two novels, entitled "Beechwood" and "Self," and a volume of poems under the title "Songs of the Sea." Mrs. Springer's death occurred in 1904.
B. ELLEN BURKE.
Was born in Lawrence County, New York, in 1850. Her husband was Charles A. Burke, a lawyer of Malone, New York. In 1896, she organized the Teachers' Institutes for the instructors in Catholic schools, and teachers were brought together from all the states. Her assistants were among the ablest Catholic teachers of the country. She originated and improved the methods of teaching in the Sunday Schools. Has given talks and lectures at the Catholic summer schools of Madison, and Detroit, Michigan, and also the Catholic winter school of New Orleans. In 1889 she accepted the position of editor for the Catholic publishers, D. H. McBride and Company, and in 1900 published the Sunday Companion, a periodical for young Catholics, and on the retirement of these publishers from business, she bought the paper and has since been its owner and editor. She has published also a Catholic monthly called The Helper, intended for teachers and parents. Has written and compiled a set of readers for Catholic schools and two geographies. Is a prominent contributor to other periodicals beside her own. She taught the first "Method Class," and started the New York Normal School for Catechists, the faculty of which now numbers twenty-eight.
MARGARET MARY BROPHY HALVEY.
Was born in Queens County, Ireland, in the early sixties. Her father's family came to Ireland at the time of Henry II, in 1192, and her mother was one of the first Catholics in her family since the Reformation. In 1884 she married Timothy Frederick Halvey, founder of the first Gaelic School in New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, and Buffalo, and originator of Robert Emmet Day (March 4). She was active during the World's Fair and Social Science Exhibit, introducing the Irish industries, particularly the lace exhibit. Was the first woman secretary of the Catholic Historical Society, and secretary and co-founder of the Woman's Auxiliary Board. Author of poems and short stories. Ts one of the officers for the Anti-Vivisection Society; also the Woman's Pen Society, Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, and president of the Ladies' Land League, branch secretary of the Ladies' Aid Society for Widows and Orphans. Makes her home in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
SARAH MOORE.
Newspaper artist; journalist. Special writer and illustrator on the staff of the Detroit News. Is the daughter of Charles B. Moore and was born in Detroit.
ANNIE LAURIE WILSON JAMES.
Mrs. Annie Laurie Wilson James was born in Louisville, Kentucky, November, 1862. She occupies a very unique position among women, having been considered an authority on the heredity of horses, and horse pedigrees. In 1888 she went to California on a business trip and while there became assistant editor and manager of Breeder and Sportsman, published in San Francisco. In 1888 she married R. B. James, of Baker County, Oregon, and has made her home there for many years.
EMILY L. GOODRICH SMITH.
Mrs. Emily L. Goodrich Smith was born in the old Hancock House, Boston, Massachusetts, June 1, 1830. She was the oldest daughter of the Hon. S. G. Goodrich, who was well known as "Peter Parley." Her mother was Miss Mary Boote. She was educated abroad and while living in Paris in 1848 she witnessed the terrors enacted during the reign of Louis Philippe. Her father was consul in Paris, and their house was constantly filled with terror-stricken foreigners, who found their only safety under the protection of the American flag. Returning to the United States, in 1856, she became the wife of Nathaniel Smith, of Connecticut, a grandson of the famous Nathaniel Smith, one time Chief Justice of Connecticut. She has written many stories and verses for magazines, her letters during the war were widely read and copied. She was one of the founders of the Chautauqua Literary Circle and a vice-regent of the Mt Vernon Association for Connecticut.
SOPHIA BRAEUNLICH.
Mrs. Braeunlich was born July 2, 1860, in Bethpage, Long Island. After the death of her husband, she was left without resources. She took a business course at the Packard Business College in New York, and on her graduation obtained the position of private secretary to the editor of the Engineering and Mining Journal, and president of the Scientific Publishing Company. She displayed such ability and mastered so fully the technical details of the paper, that finally she attended the meetings of the American Institute of Mining Engineers as representative of the editor, and when Mr. Rothwell resigned this position, Mrs. Braeunlich was elected to the vacancy and became the business manager of the entire establishment. She assisted the government in obtaining data for the statistics in regard to the collection of gold for the Eleventh Census. She is described as "a woman of strong character, with an instinctive clearness of vision ascribed to women, with the sound judgment of a man."
MARIA MORGAN.
Widely known as Middy Morgan, was born November 22, 1828, in Cork, Ireland, and died in Jersey City, N. J., June I, 1892. Miss Morgan occupied a unique position among American professional women. She was the daughter of Anthony Morgan, a landed proprietor. In 1S65 her father died, and the eldest son succeeding to the entire estate, the other children were left dependent. Maria and a younger sister went to Rome, It?ly, and there, owing to her wonderful horsemanship and knowledge of horses, which she had gained on her father's estates in Ireland, she was engaged by Victor Emmanuel, King of Italy, to select the horses for his Horse Guards and take the supervision of his stables, a position which she filled with credit, and to the entire satisfaction of the King. After five years spent in this service, she decided to come to the United States, and on her departure, was presented with valuable jewels in recognition of her service. She bore letters of introduction to Horace Greeley, James Gordon Bennett, and Henry J. Raymond, and was immediately employed by the New York Tribune, the Herald, and the Times to write articles and do live-stock reporting, also for the Turf, Field and Farm and the Live Stock Reporter. In addition, she wrote the pedigrees and racing articles for the American Agriculturist. At one time she was in charge of the Pennsylvania Railroad station at Robinvale, New Jersey, and during this time made three trips to Europe ; her first on a cattle boat. After her return she wrote a series of articles on the treatment of cattle on ocean steamers, which resulted in the bettering of conditions and more humane treatment.
AGNES REPPLIER.
Miss Agnes Repplier, of Philadelphia, received March 5, 1911, the Laetare medal, annually awarded by the University of Notre Dame (Indiana) to a lay member of the Catholic Church in the United States, who has performed conspicuous work in literature, art, science, or philanthropy—the highest honor conferred by this University. Miss Repplier's work has extended over a period of a quarter of a century, and she is considered to be an essayist without peer in this country. Of her, Dr. Howard Furness, the critic, says, "She has revived an art almost lost in these days, that of the essayist. There is no form of the essay she has not touched, and she has touched nothing she has not adorned." In 1902 the University of Pennsylvania conferred on her the degree of Doctor of Letters. Agnes Repplier was born in Philadelphia, April 1, 1857, her parents being Joseph and Eliza Jane Repplier, of French extraction. She is the author of "Books and Men"; "Essays in Miniature," etc.
AUBERTINE WOODWARD MOORE.
Musical critic, translator, and lecturer. Was born September 27, 1841, near Philadelphia. She wrote under the pen name of "Aubertine Forestier." She contributed articles to the Philadelphia papers on the resources of California, and published translations of several novels from the German. Also translations of music and original songs. In 1877 she published "Echoes from Mist-Land," or more fully "The Nibelungen Lay Revealed to Lovers of Romance and Chivalry," which is a prose version of the famous poem, and was the first American translation of that work which received favorable comment, not only in this country but in England and Germany. She is a well-known Scandinavian translator and is a pioneer in the translation of the Norway Music Album, a valuable collection of Norwegian folk-lore songs, dances, national airs and compositions for the piano. In December, 1887, she became the wife of Samuel H. Moore. Mrs. Moore is considered an authority on the musical liistory and literature of the Scandinavians, and a collection of her writings in that field would form the most valuable compendium of Scandinavian lore to be found in the English language. She has done valuable work in making Americans familiar with Norwegian literature and music. She has been invited to give evenings on this subject before the various clubs of this country, notably the Sorosis, of New York, and the Woman's Club, of Boston. She is unexcelled as a translator of the poetry of the Norwegian, French, and German writers, and her translation of Goethe's "Erl King" has been considered the finest ever made.
FRANCES G. DAVENPORT.
Miss Davenport studied history at Radcliffe College (Harvard Annex), from which college she received the degrees of B.A. and M.A. ; at Cambridge University, England, and at Chicago University. From the last-named institution she received the degree of Ph.D. (in 1904). She taught history at Vassar College during the year 1904-1905, and since 1905 has been an assistant in the Department of Historical Research in the Carnegie Institution of Washington. Until she became connected with the Carnegie Institution, she worked in English Economic History, and published two books and several articles in that field. Of these, the principal one was a book on "The Economic Development of a Norfolk Manor." Since her connection with the Carnegie Institution began, she has compiled in collaboration, with Professor C. M. Andrews, a "Guide to the Manuscript Materials for the History of the United States to 1783, in the British Museum, Minor London Archives, and the Libraries of Oxford and Cambridge." Has published in the American Historical Review (1909) an article on "Columbus's Book of Privileges," and has been and is now engaged in compiling and editing a collection of "Treaties relating to the territory now included within the United States, to which the United States was not a party."
SUSAN HUNTER WALKER.
Mrs. Walker was born in Banff, Scotland, and received her early education in private schools of Scotland and England. She is the daughter of the late James Hunter, M.A., for quarter of a century rector of the Banff Academy, a school which prepared youths for the University of Aberdeen, Scotland. Mr. Hunter came to this country in the early eighties and engaged in literary work. Among other valuable work he accomplished was the editing of the Supplement to Worcester's Dictionary, and was chief translator and collaborator in the preparation of the "History of All Nations," of Flaathe, of which the late Professor John Henry Wright, of Harvard University, was editor-in-chief.
Miss Hunter remained in school in England for some years after the establishment of her family in Virginia, near the United States Capital. She continued her education under private teachers in this country until she became assistant editor of Book News, Philadelphia. This position she held for three years, resigning it to come to Washington to assist Mrs. John A. Logan in the conduct of The Home Magazine, of Washington. She was associated with Mrs. Logan in this capacity for several years, and when Mrs. Logan resigned her position as editor of the Home Magazine she took up the work, holding it until 1906.
In 1904 Miss Hunter married Rev. Albert Rhett Walker, of South Carolina, rector of the Episcopal Church at Fairfax Court House, Virginia. Mr. Walker died in 1910, and Mrs. Walker has returned to Washington to resume the work relinquished in a great measure upon her marriage. She has for many years been a regular contributor to the general press, writing for The Christian Herald, The Christian Endeavor World, The Congregationalist, The Epworth Herald, The Churchman, Human Life, and for many of the best metropolitan newspapers.
MAUD ANDREWS OHL.
Was one of the best known newspaper writers of the United States, being for many years correspondent for the Atlanta Constitution, which her husband represented in Washington, and other newspapers of the country. She was born December 29, 1862, in Taliaferro County, Georgia. Her maiden name was Maud Andrews. She spent her early childhood in the home of her grandfather, Judge Andrews, in Washington, Georgia. Her husband, J. K. Ohl, is now in China on special work for some of the leading New York dailies.
EMMA HUNTINGTON NASON.
Was born August 6, 1845, in Hallowell, Maine. Poems for children of larger growth have appeared over her signature in the leading periodicals. She has also written a series of valuable art papers as well as translations from the French and German.
EDITH R. MOSHER.
Edith R. Mosher, born on a farm near Centerville, Michigan, is the daughter of Josephus and Lida Stebbins Mosher. When a child she attended the district schools and, later, moved to the village of Centerville, where she graduated from the High School at the age of 16; she then entered the state normal school, where she took the literary and scientific course and graduated at the age of 18, with a life certificate to teach in the state of Michigan, and immediately began teaching in the public schools. While teaching in the kindergarten and primary grade in Grand Rapids, she studied kindergarten methods with the late Mrs. Lucretia Willard Treat. Having had considerable instruction in drawing at the State Normal School, and having a natural, ready talent for it, she was constantly called upon to do blackboard decorating, and to illustrate science lessons, throughout the school building. In connection with this work, she became impressed with the necessity for finding easy, accurate llustrations of the every-day blossoms and leaves of our trees, which so readily lend themselves to board illustrating and interesting science lessons, and began to realize the vast importance of the forest as a great educational influence upon the growth and upbuilding of humanity. From her somewhat varied experience in the different grades, she grew profoundly conscious of the significance of the early impressions upon the plastic mind of the child, and knowing how children love nature, she believed that it should be the constant study of the teacher to bring into the schoolroom as much of nature and nature suggestions as can be appreciated, thus to fill child life with pure wholesome thought from the overflowing well-spirit of nature, and ideally mold child character.
It was while standing before a blackboard in the schools of Grand Rapids, preparing a science lesson suggested by a small peach branch, which one of the pupils had brought, with only the scientifically accurate, but unattractive outlines from a book on botany and some pictured cards, that there came over her a startling realization of the entire lack of any book really useful to teachers in this kind of instruction, which she believed to be fundamental, and she registered a vow to supply this need in the form of a series of books to be used in the school room. With this object in view she resigned and went to Washington, D. C, to obtain a position in the government, and there carry on her work with the better facilities offered by the Congressional Library. In Washington, she again took up literary work in the George Washington University, and has continued to carry on studies along educational lines, taking a summer course at Harvard University in 1909.
In the meantime the "Tree-Study" books planned in the Grand Rapids school room were growing. A transfer had been obtained to the Forest Service as the best place to perfect this work, which was followed by special permission from the Forester, Mr. Gifford Pinchot, to attend the Yale University Summer School, which is not a co-educational institution.
The work of compiling and illustrating the first book on "Fruit and Nut-Bearing Trees" was finished in 1907, and was followed in 1909 by "Our Oaks and Maples," and "Our Cone-Bearing Trees." The urgent demand of the publisher and others interested in the work resulted in five more of the series in 1910, under the titles of "Fruit Studies"; "Our Queenly Maples"; "Our Kingly Oaks"; "Studies of Nut-Bearing Trees"; "Studies of Evergreens"; a book entitled "Twenty Forest Trees," is now being prepared.
JEANNETTE LEONARD GILDER.
Was the daughter of the late Reverend William H. and Jane Nutt Gilder; the sister of the late Richard Watson Gilder, and was born at St. Thomas Hall, at Flushing, New York. Was associated for some time with her brother, Richard Watson Gilder, in the editorial department of Scribner's Monthly, now the Century. Literary editor and afterwards dramatic and musical critic of the New York Herald from 1875 to 1880. In 1881, in connection with her brother, Joseph B. Gilder, started The Critic, now Putnam's Magazine, of which she is associate editor. Was for many years correspondent of the Boston Saturday Gazette and the Boston Evening Transcript, also the London Academy, and New York correspondent for the Philadelphia Press and Record. Regular correspondent of the Chicago Tribune. Has written plays and stories for magazines. Is the author of "Taken by Siege," "The Autobiography of a Tomboy," "The Tomboy at Work." Edited "Essays from the Critic," and "Representative Poems of Living Poets" and "Pen Portraits of Literary Women" and "Authors at Home."
HELEN HINSDALE RICH.
Born June 18, 1827, on her father's farm in Antwerp, Jefferson County, New York. She is known as the poet of the Adirondacks. At twelve years of age she wrote verses and was proficient in botany. Being obliged to read the debates in Congress aloud to her father, the speeches of Henry Clay and Daniel Webster made her an ardent patriot, and a deeply interested politician. She was the first woman in Northern New York to embrace Woman Suffrage, and lectured during the Civil War for the Union Cause. Among her writings, her "Madame de Stael" has the endorsement of eminent scholars as a literary lecture. She excels in poems of the affections.
MARY ALICIA OWEN.
Was born January 29, 1858, in St. Joseph, Missouri. Daughter of James A. Owen, a lawyer and writer on finance, and Agnes Jeannette. After several years of successful newspaper work she turned her attention to short stories and became a contributor to many of the leading periodicals; later turned her attention and devoted herself to the collection of the curious and romantic myths and legends of the Mississippi Valley. Her most notable success has been the discovery of the Voodoo stories and ritual. Her papers on this subject were read before the American Folk Lore Society at one of its annual meetings in Philadelphia, also before the Boston Folk Lore Society and the International Folk Lore Congress in London, England. She has prepared books on the Voodoo magic and the myths of the rubber devil.
ABBY HUTCHINSON PATTON.
Was born August 20. 1829. in Milford, New Hampshire. She was well known as Abby Hutchinson, being a member of the well-known Hutchinson family, whose gift of song made them famous. Mrs. Patton came of a long line of musical ancestors, especially on the maternal side. In 1839 she made her first appearance as a singer, in her native town. On this occasion the parents and their thirteen children took part. In 1841, with her three younger brothers, she began her concert career. They sang in the autumn and winter, devoting the spring and summer to their farm, while their sister pursued her studies in the academy. In 1843 the Hutchinson family visited New York City, and the harmony of their voices took that city by storm. The Hutchinsons were imbued with a strong love for liberty, and soon joined heart and hand with the abolitionists, and in their concerts sang ringing songs of freedom. These singers were all gifted as song writers and musical composers. In 1845 they visited England, finding warm welcome among such friends as William and Mary Howitt, Douglas Gerald, Charles Dickens, Harriet Martineau, Hartley Coleridge, Mrs. Tom Hood, Eliza Cook, Samuel Rogers, Mrs. Norton, George Thompson and John Bright. Charles Dickens honored them with an evening reception in his home. After one year in Great Britain the family returned to America. On February 28, 1849, Abby Hutchinson became the wife of Ludlow Patton, a banker of New York City, and after her marriage she sang with her brothers only on special occasions. After Mr. Patton's retirement from active business in 1873, they spent several years in travel abroad, during which time Mrs. Patton was a frequent contributor to the American newspapers. She composed music for several poems, among which the best known are "Kind Words Can Never Die," and Alfred Tennyson's "Ring Out Wild Bells." Mrs. Patton was always actively interested in the education of women. Her death occurred in New York City November 25, 1892.
KATE SANBORN.
Is a native of New Hampshire, and was the daughter of Professor Sanborn, who occupied the chair of Latin and English literature, at Dartmouth College, for nearly fifty years. Miss Sanborn is a descendant of Captain Ebenezer Webster, the eminent Revolutionary hero, and grand-niece of Daniel Webster. Her literary talents were developed by her father, who privately instructed her in the regular college course, and at eleven years of age she was a contributor to the Well-Spring, and at seventeen supported herself by her pen. She became an instructor in elocution at the Packer Institute at Brooklyn, and for five years filled the chair of English literature at Smith College. Miss Sanborn was the originator of Current Event classes in many of the literary clubs, and now so common in every city of the United States in the form of Curent Topics classes. Among her best-known works are "Adopting an Abandoned Farm." and "Abandoning an Adopted Farm," "Witty Records" of her original ideas regarding farming, which she put into practice upon an abandoned farm which she purchased near Boston. Some of her other books are "Home Pictures of English Poets," "A Truthful Woman in Southern California," "Vanity and Insanity; Shadows of Genius," "Purple and Gold," "Grandmother's Garden," and "My Literary Zoo." She has been instrumental in gathering and publishing a valuable historical work on New Hampshire. Few women are so versatile and have reached superiority in so many lines of work as has Miss Sanborn. She is teacher, reviewer, compiler, essayist, lecturer, author, and farmer, and is famous for her cooking and housekeeping.
MRS. MARGARET ELIZABETH SANGSTER.
Was born February 22, 1838, in New Rochelle, New York. Her maiden name was Margaret Elizabeth Munson. In 1858 she married George Sangster. She was a regular contributor to many of the leading magazines and periodicals, gradually drifting into editorial work, and in 1871 became the editor of Hearth and Home. In 1873 she assumed an editorial position on the Christian at Work. In 1879 she became a member of the staff of the Christian Intelligencer, serving as assistant editor until 1888. In 1882 in addition to her other editorial work she edited the Harper's Young People, then just starting. In 1890 she became the editor of Harper's Bazar. During all these busy years she has written poems of a high order, stories, sketches, essays, editorial comments, criticisms and everything connected with her work in the various editorial positions which she has occupied. Her published books are "Manual of Missions of the Reformed Church in America," "Poems of the Household," "Home Fairies and Heart Flowers," and a series of Sunday School books.
MRS. CYNTHIA MORGAN ST. JOHN.
Was born in Ithaca, New York, October 11, 1852. She was the only daughter of E. J. Morgan and Anne Bruyn Morgan. In her early youth she showed a passionate love of nature and devotion to the poetry of Wordsworth. Her one pre-eminent interest in a literary way has been in the writings of that great poet. She was a member of the English Wordsworth Society and a contributor to its meetings. She has collected the largest Wordsworth library in this country, and it is said to be the largest in the world, containing all the regular editions, complete American editions, autograph letters, prints, portraits, sketches, and relics associated with the great poet. The chief fruit of her life-long study of the poet has been her "Wordsworth for the Young." In 1883 she became the wife of Henry A. St. John, of Ithaca, New York.
CATHERINE MARIA SEDGWICK.
ABBIE C. B. ROBINSON
Was born September 18, 1828, in Woonsocket, Rhode Island. Her father, George C. Ballou, was a cousin of Rev. Hosea Ballou and of President Garfield's mother. Her mother's maiden name was Ruth Eliza Aldrich. In 1854 she became the wife of Charles D. Robinson, of Green Bay, Wisconsin, who was the editor of the Green Bay Advocate and at one time Secretary of State for Wisconsin. Mrs. Robinson was as famous for political wisdom as her husband. She assisted him in editing the Advocate. Owing to failing health, gradually her husband's duties fell upon Mrs. Robinson, and ultimately she assumed them all, including not only the editorial department, business management, but also a job department, bindery and store. Her husband's death occurred four years later, and in 1888 she broke down under these exacting demands and was obliged to retire from the paper. Under all these trying conditions she won for herself the enviable position of a woman of force and ability, animated by the highest and purest motives, and was known as an easy, graceful and cultured writer and astute politician.
EMILY HUNTINGTON MILLER.
Was born October 22, 1833. Graduate of Oberlin College. In i860 became the wife of John E. Miller. Mr. Miller was principal of the academy in Granville for a number of years, and afterwards professor of Greek and Latin in the Northwestern College, then located in Plainfield. In connection with Alfred L. Sewell, she published The Little Corporal, which, after the great fire in Chicago, was merged into St. Nicholas. Mr. and Mrs. Miller moved to St. Paul, where Mr. Miller died in 1882. Mrs. Miller published a number of sketches and stories, and has been a constant contributor of short stories, sketches, serials, poems, and miscellaneous articles to newspapers and magazines, and earned a reputation by her work on The Little Corporal. She has been conected with the Chautauqua Assembly since its commencement, and was at one time president of the Chautauqua Club. She was elected in 1898 president of the Woman's College of the Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. Her published literary works include fifteen volumes. She has been equally successful as a writer, educator, temperance worker, and journalist.
FANNIE RUTH ROBINSON.
ITTI KINNEY RENO.
Born Nashville, Tennessee, May 17, 1862. Daughter of Colonel George Kinney, of Nashville. In 1885 she became the wife of Robert Ross Reno, son of the late M. A. Reno, Major of the Seventh United States Cavalry, famous for the gallant defense of his men during two days and nights of horror from the overwhelming force of Sioux Indians, who the day before had massacred Custer's entire battalion. Mrs. Reno's first novel, "Miss Breckenridge, a Daughter of Dixie," proved most successful and passed through five editions. Her second book, "An Exceptional Case," likewise met with great success.
HESTER DORSEY RICHARDSON.
Born January 9, 1862, in Baltimore, Maryland. Daughter of James A. Dorsey and Sarah A. W. Dorsey, both of old representative Maryland families. She is known under the pen name of "Selene," and her "Selene Letters," which appeared in the Baltimore American, attracted wide attention. A letter from her pen helped to rescue the Mercantile Library from an untimely end. She organized the Woman's Literay Club of Baltimore, laying the foundation of a controlling force in the intellectual and social life of her native city.
EMILY TRACEY Y. SWETT PARKHURST.
Born in San Francisco, California, March 9, 1S63, and died there April 21, 1892. She was the daughter of Professor John Swett, a prominent educator of California, known as the "Father of Pacific Coast Eduaction," and author of many educational works of wide use in the United States, England, France, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Australia. Miss Swett became the wife of John W. Parkhurst, of the Bank of California, in 1889. She has contributed largely to the magazines and papers of the Pacific Coast. Her literary work includes translations from Greek, French and German and some finished poems of high merit. She dramatized Helen Hunt Jackson's novel "Ramona."
ELIZA J. NICHOLSON.
Born in 1849 in Hancock County, Mississippi, and died February 15, 1896. Contributor to the New York Home Journal and other papers of high standing under the pen name of "Pearl Rivers." When asked by the editor of the New Orleans Picayune to become literary editor of that paper, a newspaper woman was unheard of in the South. She was not only the pioneer woman journalist of the South, but became the foremost woman editor. In 1878 she became the wife of George Nicholson, then manager, and afterwards part proprietor, but Mrs. Nicholson, up to the day of her death, shaped the policy of the paper.
MARY FRENCH SHELDON.
Mrs. Sheldon was born in 1846, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. She is a great-great-granddaughter of Isaac Newton, and her ancestors include many notable men and women. Her father was an engineer of high -standing in Pittsburgh. Her mother, Mrs. Elizabeth French, was a well-known spiritualist. Mrs. Shelden was twice married. Her second husband, E. S. Sheldon, died in the summer of 1892. She was educated as a physician, but never practised. She published one novel and a translation of Flaubert's "Salambo." In 1890 she determined to travel in Central Africa to study the women and children in their primitive state. She was the first white woman to reach Mt. Kilima-Njaro, traveling with one female attendant and a small body of natives. She has published an interesting account of this trip in a volume on Africa entitled, "To Sultan."
CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN.
Charlotte Perkins Gilman, writer on social philosophy, and questions of sociology, was born in Flartford, Connecticut, July 3, i860. Daughter of Frederic Beecher and Mary A. Fitch (Westcott) Perkins, and great-granddaughter of Lyman Beecher. In 1884 she married C. W. Stetson, and on June 11, 1900, she was married to George H. Gilman, of New York.
In 1890 she began lecturing on ethics, economics and sociology, writing on these subjects for magazines and papers. She is especially identified with the work for the advance of women and the labor question ; is a member of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, American Sociology Association, and League for Political Education. Among her writings are: "Women and Economics," "In This Our World," "The Yellow Wallpaper," "Concerning Children," "The Home, Its Work and Influence," "Human Work."
Mrs. Gilman's philosophy is dynamic; it is essentially one of hope, courage, joy; and it is for America of to-day. W. D. Howells pronounces her short story, "The Yellow Wallpaper," a psychological masterpiece. Her sociological works have been translated into many languages. She now publishes, edits and writes entirely a magazine, The Forerunner.
MARIETTA HOLLEY.
Miss Marietta Holley is most affectionately remembered by her pen name of "Josiah Allen's Wife." She was born at Ellisburgh, Jefferson County, New York, and is the daughter of John M. and Mary Tabro Holley. Her best known works are : "My Opinions and Betsy Bobbett's," "Samantha at the Centennial," "My Wayward Partner," "The Mormon Wife" (a poem), "Miss Richard's Boy," "Sweet Cicely," "Samantha at Saratoga," "Samantha Amongst the Brethren," "Samantha in Europe," "Around the World with Josiah Allen's Wife," "Samantha at the St. Louis Exposition," "Samantha on Children's Rights," "The Borrowed Automobile."
Frances Willard said of Miss Holley: "Brave, sweet spirit, you don't know how much we all love you. No woman has more grandly helped the woman's cause."
MRS. FRANK LESLIE.
Was born in 1851 in the city of New Orleans, Louisiana. Her maiden name was Miriam Florence Folline. She became the wife of Frank Leslie, the New York publisher, who died in January, 1880. This name, Frank Leslie, was the name used in signing his articles written for the London press, his real name being Henry Carter. When he came to the United States he assumed legally the name of Frank Leslie. Miss Folline was engaged in literary work on the Ladies' Magazine, and through the illness of one of its literary editors, Miss Folline succeeded to the position. After the death of her husband, she continued the publication of his periodicals and brought success out of what seemed failure at the time of her husband's death. She is an extensive traveler and prominent socially.
HULDA BARKER LOUD.
Was born in the town, which is now Rockland, Massachusetts, September, 1844. In 1884 she undertook to publish and edit the paper established in her own town, which was called the Rockland Independent, of which she has long remained the editor and chief and sole proprietor, superintending the business department and job printing as well as occupying the editorial chair. This paper has been made the vehicle of her reforms—social and political. In 18S7 she represented the Knights of Labor in the Women's International Council held in Washington, and spoke before the Knights of Labor and the Anti-Poverty Society. She frequently addresses associations and woman suffrage organizations, and is conspicuous in this line of work.
LUCY A. MALLORY.
Was born February, 1846, in Roseburg, Oregon. Her father, Aaron Rose, was an early settler of this state, and for him the name of Roseburg was given to one of the leading towns. Miss Rose's early life was spent in the wilds of this new country surrounded by Indians. She became the wife of Rufus Mallory, who was at one time a member of Congress of the State of Oregon, and one of the most successful lawyers in the Northwest, and member of the firm to which Senator Dolph belongs. In 1874 the old slavery prejudice was still so strong in the State of Oregon that some forty-five negro children were prevented from attending the Salem public school, and no white teacher would consent to teach them even in a separate school, although a public fund was set apart for this purpose. Mrs. Mallory volunteered to instruct these children in the face of the ridicule heaped upon her. After three years of personal effort on the part of Mrs. Mallory, and her example of duty to the public, these children were admitted to the white schools, and all opposition disappeared. Mrs. Mallory used the public money which she drew as salary for this work as a fund for the purchase of a printing plant, and started a monthly magazine known as the World's Advanced Thought, in which she was assisted in the editorial department by Judge H. M. McGuire. This magazine has a circulation among many advanced thinkers and workers in every portion of the civilized world. Mrs. Mallory's home is in Portland, Oregon.
MARY EDWARDS BRYAN.
Born in Florida, Georgia, in 1844. Daughter of John D. and Louisa Critchfield Edwards. Wrote for Southern papers and was editor of the New York Bazar, and also of the Half-Hour Magazine, two New York publications. Returning to the South, she is now on the staff of Uncle Remus' Home Magazine. Is a member of the Sorosis Club of New York, and several of the women's press clubs of the United States.
MARY AILEEN AHERN.
Born near Indianapolis, Indiana. Teacher in the public schools of Pennsylvania and Assistant State Librarian in 1889 and State Librarian in 1893. In 1896 she organized and has since edited The Public Library, a library journal. Has lectured before several colleges and library schools and associations. Fellow of the American Library Institute, organized the Indiana Library Association, member of the Illinois Library Association, Chicago Library Club, American Peace League, National Association of Charities and Corrections, and is prominent in library work throughout the country.
EMMA ELLA CARROLL.
Emma Ella Carroll, military genius, was born in Somerset County, Maryland, August 29, 1815 ; daughter of Thomas King Carroll, Governor of Maryland. When but three years of age she would listen with great gravity to readings from Shakespeare. Alison's History and Kant's Philosophy were her favorites at eleven, Coke and Blackstone at thirteen. Her literary career began early in life when she contributed political articles to the daily press. In 1857 she published "The Great American Battle," or "Political Romanism," and in the year 1858, "The Star of the West," a work describing the exploration and development of our Western territories. In 1858 she rendered valuable assistance in electing Thomas H. Hicks, Governor, and her influence held Maryland loyal to the Union. She freed her own slaves and devoted tongue and pen to upholding the Union. In July, 1861, when Senator Breckenbridge made his speech in favor of secession, Miss Carroll issued a pamphlet in which she refuted each of his arguments, and a large edition was published and circulated by the War Department. Her ability was recognized and she was requested by the government to write on topics bearing on the war. She published in 1861 "The War Powers of the Government," and for her next pamphlet "The Relation of the National Government to the Revolted Citizens Defined," President Lincoln furnishing the theme. In the fall of 1861 Mr. Lincoln and his military advisers had planned a campaign to extend operations into the Southwest, opening the Mississippi to its mouth. Miss Carroll, at the suggestion of government authorities, personally investigated the scene of the proposed operations, and made a study of the topography of the country, and reported that the Tennessee River and not the Mississippi was the true key to the situation. Her explanatory maps and invaluable geographical and topographical information resulted in her plan being adopted, and the land and naval forces were massed on the Tennessee. Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, Bowling Green, Pittsburgh Landing and Corinth, one after another fell into the hands of the Federals. Missouri was saved, and Kentucky and Tennessee brought back into the Union. She also suggested the final plan adopted by the War Department, resulting in the capture of Vicksburg, which opened the way to the North. It was deemed wise at the time to keep secret the fact that this capmaign had been conceived by a civilian and a woman. Mr. Lincoln's death prevented his acknowledgment of the credit, and though Miss Carroll had ample documentary proof of the validity of her claim, which was acknowledged by several of the Congressional Military Committees to be "incontrovertible," no further action was taken in the matter, and Miss Carroll was dependent for support in her declining years upon her sister, a clerk in the Treasury Department at Washington. The above facts will be found in her life, by Sarah Ellen Blackwell, by whom she is called a genius. She died February 17, 1894.
MARIA MITCHELL.
Miss Mitchell was born on the island of Nantucket, August 1, 1818, and was one of ten children, her parents, William and Lydia Mitchell, living in one of the simple homes of this quaint New England spot. Her father had been a school teacher, her mother, Lydia Coleman, was a descendant of Benjamin Franklin, whose parents were Quakers. She was one of the pupils in her father's school, and by him led into the great love of nature which opened up for her the opportunity for her great talents, and to this we are indebted for what she has given to astronomy. He gave Maria the same education which he gave his boys, even the drill in navigation. At sixteen she left the public school, and for a year attended a private school, but being deeply interested in her father's studies, and the study of mathematics, at seventeen she became his helper in the work which he was doing for the United States Government in the Coast Survey. This brought to their home Professor Agassiz, Bache and other noted men. Mr. Mitchell delivered lectures before a Boston society, of which Daniel Webster was president, but scientific study and work at that time brought little money to the family coffers. One sister was teaching for the munificent sum of three hundred dollars a year. Maria felt she must do her part toward adding to the family income, so accepted a position as librarian of the Nantucket library, her salary for the first year being sixty dollars, and seventy-five for the second, and for twenty years she occupied this position, her salary never exceeding one hundred dollars a year. This gave her great opportunity for study, which no doubt reconciled her to the poor pay. On a night in October, 1847, while gazing through the telescope, as was her usual custom for the love of the study, she saw what she believed to be an unknown comet. She told her father, and he at once wrote to Professor William C. Bond, Director of the Observatory at Cambridge, notifying him of the fact, merely asking a letter of acknowledgment in order to please Maria. It was promptly acknowledged that she had made a new discovery, and Frederick VI, King of Denmark, having six years before offered a gold medal to whoever should discover a telescopic comet, awarded this medal to Miss Mitchell, the American Minister presenting her claims at the Danish Court. She was soon gratified by seeing her discovery referred to in scientific journals as "Miss Mitchell's comet." She assisted in compiling the American Nautical Almanac, and wrote for scientific periodicals, but she could not content herself with the small opportunities afforded her in this New England village. In 1857 she went abroad to see the observatories of Europe. The learned men of Great Britain welcomed her. She was entertained by Sir John Herschel, and Lady Herschel, Alexander Von Humbolt, Professor Adams, of Cambridge, Sir George Airy, the astronomer royal of England, who wrote a letter of introduction for her to Leverrier of Paris. Later she visited Florence, Rome, Venice, Vienna, and Berlin, where she met Encke. After a year of such triumphs she returned to Nantucket. In i860 her mother died and the family removed to Lynn to be nearer Boston, where she could pursue her work under better conditions. Miss Mitchell received at this time five hundred dollars a year from the government for her computations. About this time Matthew Vassar was founding and equipping the woman's college that now bears his name. After the observatory of this institution was completed there was but one person mentioned or desired by the patrons and students to be placed in charge, and this was Maria Mitchell. Miss Mitchell moved to the college and made it her home. In 1868, in the great meteoric shower she and her pupils recorded the details of four thousand meteors and gave valuable data of their height above the earth. She gave valuable observations on the transit of Venus, has written on the satellites of Saturn, and on the satellites of Jupiter. She died on June 28, 1889, and was buried in the little island village, where most of her life had been passed.
ALICE D. LE PLONGEON.
Was born December, 1851, in London, England. Her father's name was Dixon, and her mother was Sophia Cook. She married Dr. Le Plongeon, whose extensive travels in South America and Mexico, for the purpose of studying the ancient manuscripts preserved in the British Museum, so interested her that she accompanied him to the wilds of Yucatan. The work done here by Dr. and Mrs. Le Plongeon is well-known all over the world. For eleven years they remained here studying the ruins of that country. Much of the work, and many of the discoveries were made by Mrs. Le Plongeon. They made many hundred photographs, surveying and making molds of the old palaces to be used as models, but the greatest achievement was the discovery of an alphabet by which the American hieroglyphics may be read, something before considered impossible. Though of English birth they have made their home for many years in Long Island, and have written many articles for magazines and papers and published a small volume, "Here and There in Yucatan"; also one "Yucatan, Its Ancient Palaces and Modern Cities," and in order to make ancient America better known to modern Americans, Mrs. Le Plongeon has lectured upon this subject very extensively, and in recognition of her labors the Geographical Society of Paris placed her portrait in the album of celebrated travelers.
GRACIANA LEWIS.
Was born near Kimberton, Chester County, Pennsylvania, October, 1821. Daughter of John Lewis and Esther Lewis. They were descended from Quaker stock, her father's ancestors coming to this country in 1682. Her mother was the oldest child of Bartholomew Fussell and Rebecca Bond Fussell. Bartholomew Fussell was a minister in the Society of Friends. Her father died when she was but three years old and her mother supported the family by teaching. Miss Lewis' greatest work has been in the field of natural history. She prepared a "Chart of a Class of Birds," also "A Chart of the Animal Kingdom," "Chart of the Vegetable Kingdom," "Chart of Geology with Special Reference to Paleontology." Microscopic studies, including frost crystals and the plumage of birds, as well as the lower forms of animal and vegetable life. She also issued a pamphlet showing die relation of birds to the animal kingdom. In 1876 she exhibited in the Centennial Exposition a model along with her chart of the Animal Kingdom, which caused commendation from Prof. Huxley and other prominent naturalists. One of her pamphlets, "The Development of the Animal Kingdom," was published by Professor Mitchell and extensively circulated among scientific people. In 1870, Miss Lewis was elected a member of the Academy of Natural Science, Philadelphia. Is also honorary member of the Women's Anthropological Society of America and the various scientific societies of Rochester and Philadelphia. Active in the Woman's Christian Temperance work and many of the forestry associations.
LAURA A. LINTON.
Scientist. Was born April, 1853, at Alliance, Ohio. Daughter of Joseph Wildman Linton and Christiana Craven Beans. Her father's family were Quakers, and her mother was descended from a prominent Dutch family of Pennsylvania. Her parents moved to Minnesota in 1868, where she received her education. She was at one time professor of natural and physical science in Lombard University of Galesburg, Illinois. She assisted Professor S. F. Peckham in the preparation of the monograph on petroleum for the reports of the Tenth Census of the United States. She is a member of the American Society for the Advancement of Science and the Association for the Advancement of Women.
FLORA W. PATTERSON.
Born at Columbus, Ohio, September 15, 1847. Daughter of Rev. A. B. and Sarah Sells Wambaugh. Was three years at Radcliffe College, Harvard University, and assistant at Gray Herbarium. Was appointed assistant pathologist in 1896; now mycologist in charge of pathology and mycology collections and inspection work of Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture. Member of the Geological and Biological Societies of Washington, the Botanical Society of America, and has contributed articles on these subjects. Is assistant editor of Economic Fungi.
MARY JANE RATHBUN.
Born at Buffalo, New York, June 11, i860. Was employed by the United States Fish Commission from 1884 to 1887, and since 1887 in the United States National Museum, and is now assistant curator of the division of marine invertebrates. Member of the Washington Academy of Science, American Society of Naturalists, American Society of Zoologists, author of various papers in Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum.
HARRIET RICHARDSON.
The daughter of Charles F. E. Richardson and Charlotte Ann Richardson. Received the degree of A.B. from Vassar College in 1896. One of the collaborators of the Smithsonian Institute. Member of the Washington Academy of Science, Biological Society of Washington; has contributed to "Proceedings of the United States National Museum" and other ublications. Has written "Monographs on Isopods of North America."
MARY ALICE WILLCOX.
Born in Kennebunk, Maine, April 24, 1856. Daughter of William H. and Annie Holmes Goodenow Willcox. Teacher in the normal and public schools, and professor of zoology in Wellesley College since 1883. Author of "Pocket Guide to Common Land Birds of New England," and various articles on zoological subjects.
CLARA A. SMITH.
Miss Clara A. Smith, instructor of mathematics in Wellesley College. She has recently been elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, partly because she solved a problem in mathematics which has puzzled college professors for more than a century.
LUCY EVELYN PEABODY.
Born in Cincinnati, January 1, 1865. Was instrumental in securing the passage of an act by Congress setting aside the Mesa Verde Park in Colorado as a national park which includes the most interesting ruins of cliff-dwellers in America. Owns a famous collection of Abraham Lincoln relics and data. Prominent in scientific work.
ADELAIDE GEORGE BENET.
Was born in Warner, New Hampshire, November 8, 1848. Daughter of Gilman C. and Nancy B. George. Taught several years in the public schools of Manchester, New Hampshire. Married Charles Benet, of Pipestone City, Minnesota, in 1887. She is a botanist of distinction.
ELLEN CHURCHILL SEMPLE.
Born in Louisville, Kentucky, in 1863. Daughter of Alexander Bonner and Emerine Price Semple. Graduate of Vassar, and student at Leipzig. Her special field of work is the study of the influence of geographical conditions upon the development of society. She is a member of the Association of American Geographers, and a contributor of scientific articles to journals both in America and England. Has written on American history and its geographical conditions.
LOUISE M. R. STOWELL.
Born in Grand Blanc, Michigan, December 30, 1850. Daughter of Seth and Harriet Russell Reed. Taught microscopy and botany in the Univeristy of Michigan, and in 1878 married Charles Henry Stowell. Appointed a member of the board of trustees for the Girls' Reform School by the President, for the District of Columbia, and also member of the board of trustees of the public schools of the District of Columbia in 1893. Author of "Microscopical Structure of Wheat," "Microscopic Diagnosis." Is editor and writer in scientific work.
KATHERINE JEANNETTE BUSH.
Born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, December 30, 1855. Was assistant in the zoological department of Yale University. Was a member of the United States Fish Commission for several years and assisted in revising Webster's dictionary, which is now published under the title of "Webster's International Dictionary." Author of several zoological works. Writer of scientific journals, and is one of the noted scientific women of America.
ELLEN HENRIETTA RICHARDS.
Was born December 3, 1842, in Dunstable, Massachusetts. She graduated from Vassar College in 1870, then took a scientific course in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, graduating in 1873. She remained in that institution as resident graduate, and in 1875 married Professor Robert Hallowell Richards, the metallurgist. In 1878 she was elected instructor in chemistry and mineralogy in the woman's laboratory of that institute. She has done much to develop the love of scientific studies among women, and is the pioneer in teaching the application of technical knowledge and principles to the conduct of the home to the women of the United States. Mrs. Richards is the first woman to be elected a member of the American Institute of Mining Engineers and is a member of many scientific associations. Among her published works are "Chemistry of Cooking and Cleaning," "Food Materials and Their Adulterations," "First Lessons in Minerals." In 1887, with Marion Talbot, she edited "Home Sanitation." Mrs. Richards is a profound student and a clear thinker. Her work is without equal in its line.
ANNIE SMITH PECK.
In recent years, Miss Peck's achievements as the foremost woman mountain climber of the world has dimmed her creditable efforts as archaeologist, but it was in that work that she started her career. Born in Providence, Rhode Island, her early education was received at its high and normal schools. After graduating from the University of Michigan in 1878, having distinguished herself in every branch of study, whether literary or scientific, Miss Peck engaged in teaching, spending two years as professor of Latin in Purdue University. In 1881 she took her master's degree, mainly for work in Greek. Going abroad in 1884 she spent several months in study in Hanover, Germany, and then another period in Italy, devoting herself especialy to the antiquities and passing the summer in Switzerland, mountain climbing. In 1885-1886 she pursued the regular course of study in the American School of Classical Studies in Athens, Greece, and also traveled extensively in Greece, visiting Sicily, Troy, Constantinople, in search of buried antiquities. Immediately after her return home she occupied the chair of Latin in Smith College, later going over the country with a lecture course in Greek archaeology and travel. She has since added lectures describing her exploits in reaching the world's highest peaks. When engaged in these expeditions, Miss Peck wears a man's costume, and more often than not the men who accompany her have fallen out and abandoned hope of reaching the goal while she, a woman, has pressed on and planted the flag on the summit. She has climbed more of the highest mountains in South America than any living man. Her lectures have always attracted wide notice and received hearty commendation, both from distinguished scholars and from the press. In addition to her more solid acquirements. Miss Peck also possesses numerous and varied accomplishments; she is a profound classical scholar and accomplished musician.
ALICE CUNNINGHAM FLETCHER.
Was born in Boston in 1845. Was the author of the plan of loaning small sums of money to aid Indians to buy land to build houses for themselves, and active in securing land to the Omaha tribe.
Under this act was appointed special agent to allot the Omaha tribe and also appointed by the President, special agent for the Winnebago tribe in 1887. Is ex-president of the Anthropological Society of Washington. Did work in this connection for the Chicago Exposition. Is holder of the Thaw fellowship and officer in the Archaeological Institute of America. Has written on Indian life and song and many papers on anthropology and ethnology. One of the famous women scientists of America.
MATILA COXE STEVENSON.
Is a woman of whom the American woman can be proud. Her work among the Indians and her book on that subject is considered one of the most remarkable books of to-day written by a woman. Daughter of Alexander H. Evans and Maria Coxe Evans, and was born in St. Augustine, Texas, but her parents moved to Washington in her infancy. She is a cousin of Robley D. Evans, U.S.N., familiarly known as "Fighting Bob." She married James Stevenson April 18, 1872, who was then an assistant to Professor Hayden, the first chief of the Geological Survey. Mrs. Stevenson accompanied her husband in his work of exploration in the Rocky Mountains, studying under him and receiving special instruction from him. She accompanied him on the first expedition which went to Zuni. New Mexico, in 1879, for the Bureau of Ethnology, and assisted him in the wonderful collection of implements, ceramics, and ceremonial objects which were procured for the United States National Museum. She was placed on the staff of the Bureau of Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution after the death of her husband in 1889. She returned to Zuni and made a study of the mythology, philosophy, sociology, and vocabulary of these Indians, making a special study of their ceremonies, traditions, and customs. She explored the cave and cliff ruins of New Mexico, visiting and living for sometime among each of the Pueblo tribes of New Mexico. She and her husband were received into the secret organizations of these peoples. She spent from 1904 to 1910 studying the Taos and Tewa Indians, giving her special attention to their religion, symbolism, philosophy, and sociology; also to the edible plants of the Zunis, and their preparation of cotton and wool for the loom. She was selected to be one of the jury on the Anthropological Exposition at the Chicago Exposition in 1893. Is a member of the Anthropological Society, and is the author of "Zuni and Zunians," "The Religious Life of the Zuni Child," "The Sia," "The Zuni Indians," "Esoteric Articles and Ceremonies," etc. Until recently Mrs. Stevenson made her home in Washington, but she has now established for herself a home in New Mexico, where she spends her summers and continues her research work for the government.
MRS. C. H. HAWES.
Mrs. C. H. Hawes, of Hanover, New Hampshire, the well-known archaeologist, was born in Boston, October 11, 1871. She is the daughter of Alexander and Harriet Fay Wheeler Boyd. She received the degrees of A.B. and A.M. from Smith College, and was a student of the School of Classical Studies of Athens, Greece, from 1896 to 1900. On March 3, 1906, she was married to Charles H. Hawes, M.A., of Cambridge, England. Mrs. Hawes served as a nurse in the Greco-Turkish war in 1897, and also in our war with Spain in 1898 at Tampa, Florida. From 1900 to 1905 she was instructor in archaeology at Smith College. Mrs. Hawes has carried on her own excavations in Crete, and in 1900 excavated houses and tombs of the Geometric Period (900 B.C.). In 1904 she excavated a Minoan town, at Gournia, Crete, for the American Exploration Society of Philadelphia. Mrs. Hawes has been decorated with the Red Cross by Queen Olga of Greece, for her services during the Greco-Turkish war. She is a distinguished writer on archaeology and kindred subjects. Among her best known works are "Gournia. Vasiliki and Other Prehistoric Sites on the Isthmus of Hierapetra, Crete," and "The Forerunner of Greece." She is a contributor to the American Journal of Archæology.