The Red Man and the White Man in North America/Index

by George E. Ellis

INDEX

A.

• Aborigines, the, of America, name of, — why they were called "Indians," 1-3; the French name for, 3; seen in Europe for the first time, 4; first known to Europeans through. Columbus, 4; general conjectures concerning, stated, 6; their claim on our sympathies, 16-18; their reception of the first comers from Europe, a kindly and gentle welcome, 18, 218, 219, 330; how that kindness was turned to rage by the conduct of the white man, 18, 218, 219, 222, 330; intentions towards and instructions regarding, expressed in the patents and charters granted to the first colonists, 22-25; King Francis's description of, — "Men without knowledge of God or use of reason," — 27; attempts to Christianize, 4; endowments for their secular and religious welfare, 4; their standing in the courts, 4; the space-pressure upon, 32-35; the destiny of, as forecast by many, 37, 38; first natives sent to Europe as slaves, 45, 46; supposed to be Devil-worshippers, 61; employed as slaves by the Spaniards in the New World, 62, 63; evidence of their offering human sacrifices, 64, 75; their hatred and dread of the Spaniards 73; missionary efforts in behalf of, 80-84, 369, 371, 386, 389, 390-419, 422, 423-459, 472; interesting question of their origin, 85, et seq.; sedentary and roving tribes of, 86; communal life of, 87, 88; uncertainty attaching to tribal names of, 88, 89; relative place of, in the scale of humanity, 89, 90, 120; Protestant-Puritan theory of the Hebrew origin of, 92; their own opinion of themselves, 92; strong general similarity among them, 92; probably indigenous, not exotic, 92; original numbers of, 94-97, — various and extravagant opinions concerning, 94, 95, — the practical interest of this question, 95, 96; mode of life and resources of, compared with the common people of Ireland and Scotland, 97; capacities of, physical, mental, and moral, 98, 99; different estimates of the character of, 99-113; romantic views of, 110-112; a people with a history but without a historian, 112, 140, 141; state and royalty of, 113-116; languages of, 116, 117, 179-183; natural eloquence of, 117; vocabularies of, and European labors upon, 117-120; natural ferocity of, 120-127, 192-198; parallelisms of their scalping practice found in barbarous European tribes, 121, — and in the practices of the colonists themselves, 122, 123; their own courage and heroism, and admiration of these qualities in others, 124; cannibalism of, 125; medical practice of, 127-133; health and disease among, 130, 131, 133; their manner of disposing of their dead, 133, 134; religious beliefs and practices of, 134-139; how they received the doctrines of the missionaries, 137-139, 382; children of Nature, and conformed to their naturalsurroundings, 142-145; indifference of, to uneleanliness and dirt, 145, 146; their food and cookery, 147, 148, 178; their costumes and dwellings, 149, 150, 163, 164, 172; importance of the "medicine-bag" to, 150, 151; their cunning and skill in sylvan and martial experiences, 152, 154, 155, 157; their capacity to enjoy simple sensations, 155, 156; self-reliance of, 156; their respect for tradition, 156; the natural and the supernatural alike to, 156; nomadic habits of, 157, 158; their names for themselves and children and places the suggestions of Nature, 158-161; observing and reflecting powers of, 150; their own supposed relationship to animals, 159, 160; totems, or badge-marks of, 161, 162; value of the canoe to, 165, — skill required in the use of, 166, 167, — materials and construction of, 167-169; superiority of their moccason as a foot-gear, 169, 170; their snow-shoe, — form, materials, and use of, 170-172; practice of polygamy among, 172; winter experiences of, 173; their habits of thrift and providence, remarks upon, 173-177; their cultivation of corn, 175,176; interpreters among them, 181; their sign-language, 182, 183; not wanting in the human craving for fun and amusement, 184; natural tendency to obscenity and sensuality finds few checks among them, 185; their passion for gambling, 185, 186; their feasts, games, sports, etc., 186-188; their love and methods of hunting, 188, 189; their superstitions, 190-192; their fighting propensities and qualities and methods, 192-198; a state of warfare natural to them, 193; destructiveness of their inter-tribal conflicts, 194; their treatment of prisoners, 196, 197; war-spirit of, not on the wane, 198; their first possession and use of fire-arms, 198, 199; their form of government, 199-201; their money, — "belts," "wampum," etc., 201, 202; their love of the horse, and their property in ponies, 202-204; their methods of training and instructing their youth, 205, 206; present number of, 207; nature and basis of their original territorial claim on this continent, 213, 214; their manner of meeting the claims of the colonists to lawful supremacy, 230, 319; the white man's theory that they were as vermin to be destroyed, 235-237; their rights never clearly defined, 242, 243; range required for each one, 244, 245; their present dependence on the Government, 246; amount of supplies furnished to them, 247; their rights as a race, 249, 250; their partiality for the French, 317, 319; their hard fate to fight, suffer, and be crushed in and by the conflicts of the rival colonies, 346; lineal connection between present and former tribes, 354; present feeling of whites toward, as compared with former, 355, 356; the tricks some of them put upon Catholic missionaries, 388; their sorcerers and the Jesuits, 398; they are natural transcendentalists, 399; condition of those on the Columbia River, 473; an instance of the sullen feeling with which some of their chiefs ceded lands to the whites, 546, 615-617 ; formalities attending their councils, 549, 550; the two theories as to the final disposition of, — extermination and civilization, — 568, 587, 588; opinions of military men upon the fate of, 569; what humanity demands for them, 571; the threefold aspect of their relation to our Government, 573; they must be made self-supporting, 575-578, 584, 585; proportion of, which are of mixed blood, 580; necessity of disarming them, 583; they must give up their communistic and tribal relations, 585, 586; as subjects of civilization, 588; the opinion that they cannot be civilized, 594-596; their objections to civilization, 603, 617-620; not improved by civilization, 604, 621, 624; patience and friendliness the great requisites in dealing with them, 627; grounds of hope for them, 629; they must contribute their own redeemers, 630.
• Acadia, "French Neutrals" in, 307; a bone of contention between English and French, 308; character of its inhabitants, 311, 312, — their exile and dispersion, 313-318.
• Adams, J. Q., his statement of the theory of the Government as to the Indians, 532; extract from his Diary, 532, 533.
• Agassiz, Louis, his geological theory of the American Continent, 4, 93.
• Agnostic, an Indian, 383, 384.
• Alexander VI., Pope, his donation of the whole continent of the New World, under the title of the "Indies," to the Spanish Crown, 51, 52.
• Altar Furniture, the Jesuit, 409, 410.
• America, continent of, doubtful evidence of its discovery by Europeans before Columbus, 2, 4; archaeology of, 4, 5, et seg.; suppositions concerning, relating to its discovery by Europeans, 7, 8; first sought as a highway to India, then as a goal in itself, 9, 10; extravagant descriptions of, by first visitors here, 10, 11, 12; the value of the discovery of, to humanity in the Old World, 12-16; grandeur and stretch of its territory, 14, 15; what the three leading nationalities of Europe — Spanish, French, and English — sought here, 15, 16; its magnificent water highways, 153, 151; sparseness of its original population, 214, 215; the great drama of which it is the stage, involving the fate of its aborigines, 264.
• Animals, Indian relations with, 159, 160.
• Arnold, S. G., his estimate of the Indian contrasted with Dr. Palfrey's, 114, 115.

B.

• Baptism, significance of, to the Spanish invaders of the New World, 69; its adjustment to the doctrine of hell as a symbol of salvation, 73, 74; suspicion of, on the part of the Indians, 381.
• Barbarism, 233.
• Belts, Indian, in councils, 201, 202.
• Bible, Eliot's Indian, 455.
• Bloodhounds, first used against the natives by Columbus, 47; afterwards by other Spanish invaders, 66.
• Brant, Joseph, Thayandanegea, 508.
• Brebeuf, Father, 404.
• Bressani, Jesuit Father, account of his labors and sufferings as a missionary among the Indians, 411-418.
• British America, 479.
• British relations to and treatment of the Indians, 477, 481, 482, 505, 506.
• Buffalo, Indian use of, 177.
• Bureau, Indian, origin of, 559; transfer of, from the War to the Interior Department, reasons for, 561, 562.
• Burgoyne, General, he employs the Indians against us in the Revolutionary War, — extract from his proclamation to the Americans, 499.

C.

• California, Indians in, 84.
• Calumet (peace-pipe), the, 193.
• Campion, Major J. S., his estimate of the Indian's capacity for civilization, 101, 102; his characterization of Indian religious ceremonies, 136.
• Cannibalism, 125.
• Canoe, Indian the, value, uses, materials, and construction of, 165-169.
• Caonabo, native cacique of Hispaniola, and first in the line of Indian patriots to organize the natives against their white invaders, 47.
• Caribs, first natives sent to Spain as slaves, 45, 46, 48.
• Carlisle, Indian School at, 628.
• Cartier, Jacques, 130, 174, 277, 278.
• Catlin, George, his opinion of the endowment and character of the Indian, 99, 100.
• Champlain, Samuel de, French voyager and colonizer, 277; visits Mass. Bay, 277, — and Canada, 279; his great influence over the Indians, 280; employs tribe against tribe, 281, 282.
• Charters and Patents of the American colonists, instructions of, regarding treatment of the Indians, 22-25.
• Chinese, the, question of their ethnical relation to this country stated, 8,9.
• Christendom, its view of heathendom, and of what should be the relations of Christians with all other men and women, 53, 54, 59, 60, 63, 64, 69, 227, 228; nature of the doctrines its missionaries presented to the savages, 137, 138, 375, 377, 378; quotes Scriptural authority for its dispossession of the Indians, 237.
• Christianity, What is it? 371.
• Christians, their treatment of each other outmatches in cruelty their treatment of the Indian, 19, 20; their missionary efforts, some general remarks on, 368 et seq.; their disputes among themselves as to the nature of their religion, 371—374; their discordant teachings to the Indians, 373-375, 377.
• Civilization, product and process of, 90; difficulty of drawing a sharp line between, and barbarism, 91; a state of non-conformity to Nature and natural surroundings, 143; assumed prerogatives of, as towards barbarism, 231, 589, 590, — the subject considered, 232 et seq.; easy lapse from, in many cases of our early colonists, 363-365; Salvation and, 375; some objections to, 589; indispensable conditions of, 591; arbitrary definition of, 592, 593; European form of, 593; not all gain and blessing, 597; what the savage sees in, 598, 600-602; different degrees of, as presented in the white man's progress here, 601, 602; indispensable conditions of, for the Indian, 626.
• Clay, Henry, his forecast of the fate of the red men on this continent, 532, 533.
• Colonization of the American continent, its earliest conditions and opportunities, 216, 218,219; safety of the colonists lay in the inter-tribal warfare of the natives, and in making alliance with one tribe against another, 217, 221; methods of the different colonists, 218-220; plea of the colonists in justification of their course towards the natives, 220, 221; theory of discovery under which Europeans took possession of the continent, 226, 227; claim of the colonists that the natives were their rightful subjects, 228-230; the white man's reasons for dispossessing the Indians, 239, 240; feeble beginnings but rapid advance of, 251-253.
• Columbus, his theory of the globe, its size, etc., 2, 3; his desire to find a short passage to the Indies the great motive of his Western voyages, 2, 3 ; his first discovery of San Salvador, 40; his impression of the natives, 40, 41; his kindly treatment, in the first instance, of the savages, 41, 42; first blood shed between his men and the natives of Hispaniola, 42; builds a fort and establishes a colony at Hispaniola, 43; his second voyage to the New World, 43-45; establishes a colony at Isabella, 45; sends natives to Spain to be sold as slaves, 45; incites natives against natives in his conflicts with them, 47; his description of the natives of Hispaniola, 49; imports Spanish convicts to America, 62; sanctions the enslaving of the natives, 62, 63, 67 ; his final discovery of the American continent, 67.
• Communal Indian life, 87.
• "Conquest," word chosen by historians to define the method of the Spaniards in obtaining mastery in the New World, — inaccuracy of its application, 49, 50; lawfulness of a war of, maintained by Sepulveda, 55, 56; religious motive of, 70-74.
• Continent, the new, boon of, 13.
• Cooking, Indian, 147, 148, 178.
• Cornstock, Indian chief, 117.
• Cortes, his manner of "preaching the gospel" in Mexico, 67; his view of his mission there, 73; his attempt to convert Montezuma, 381.
• Coureurs de Bois, 291.
• Custer, General G. A., his estimate of the Indian, 101-107; his remarks upon the variety of their languages, 180; attains proficiency in Indian sign-language, 183.

D.

• Dartmouth College, its origin in a provision for the education of the Indian, 26.
• Deeds, Indian, rightfulness and legality of, 240, 241; the exact force of, 242, 335.
• Deer Island, 463.
• Defence, the, of the white man for his treatment of the Indian, 19.
• De Gourgues, Dominique, retaliates upon the Spanish in Florida for their destruction of Huguenot colony, 274, 276.
• De Soto, his ravages through Florida, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, 75-79.
• Dodge, Richard Irving, his romantic experience with "a child of Nature" of the softer sex, 108, 109.
• Domain, our National, 208.
• Domestic animals as civilizers, 625.
• Dreams, Indian superstition about, 190, 191.
• Druillettes, Jesuit Father, some account of his life and labors, 429, 430; his diplomatic mission to New England, 430; visits Boston, Plymouth, and Salem, 430, 431; his interview with John Eliot, 432.
• Dufferin, Earl of, his opinion of the French half-breeds, 301; his statement of the relations of the Canadian Government to the Indians, 478.
• Dug-outs, Indian, 169.
• Dunraven, Earl of, his experience with, and views of, the Indian, 608-610.
• Dunster, President, 423, 444.
• Dutch, the, in New York, — their amicable relations with the Indians, and first to sell them fire-arms, 282, 343; their subsequent wars with the red men, 343, 344.

E.

• Education of the Indians, early provision for, 25, 26; later provision for, 628.
• Eliot, John, Indian missionary and apostle: his birth, 423; studies for the ministry, arrives in Boston, settles in Roxbury, 424; meets opposition at first in his missionary purposes for the Indians, 424; begins to study their language, 425; after two years' study begins to preach to the natives, 426, 427; wins sympathy in his work, 427; chooses Natick as the scene of his great experiment for colonizing, converting, and civilizing the Indians, 428; receives a visit from the Jesuit Father Druillettes, 429, 432; his meekness and modesty, 434; method of his labors, 434, 435; the civil magistrates cautious in assisting him, 435; opposed by some of the sachems, 436; his Indian settlement at Natick, 437, — its hopeful beginnings, 438, — its internal arrangements, 438, 439; receives aid in his work from the English Society for propagating the gospel, 441; the mighty faith of some of his Indian disciples, 441, — some of their questions and arguments, 442-444, — their impatience for advancement in Church fellowship and privileges, 439, 445, — their "confessions" of faith, and examination by their minister, 446-448; his desire to translate the Scriptures into the Indian tongue, 449, 450; his Indian grammar, extract from, 451; his various works of translation, 454; final appearance of his complete translation of the Bible, 455, 456; his zeal for his "Praying Indians" in their hard experience during King Philip's War, 462, 463; some of his successors, 471.
• England, its illustration of the disposition of the strong against the weak, 69, 70; her common cause with the Indians against us, 257; has she been more just and wise toward them than has our own Government? 477; how she gained dominion on this continent, 478, 479; she has intrigued to set the Indians against us, 480; her relations with the Indians different from ours, 481, 482; employs Indians against us in both of our wars with her, 495, 496, 500, 501, 504, 508; her heartless manner of abandoning them after the war, 505, 506; on the whole, her policy toward the Indians hardly a magnanimous one, 509, — some further illustrations of the truth of this judgment, 510, 511; her system of government regulations of the Indians similar to ours, 512; her dangers ahead with her savage subjects, 513.
• English, the, third settlers in the New World, but outlasting their predecessors, the Spanish and French, in the permanency of their occupation, 16; their estimate of Indian character and capacity, 102, 103, 333, 620, 622; made themselves less agreeable and conformed to the red men than the French, 292-294, 319, 320; began to colonize in the New World under no royal patronage, 304; founded here a democracy, 305; effect of their different re- ligion from that of the French in America, 306; conflicts with the French, 307-310; their colonies in America: the great strain and cost upon them to get established, 326-328, — preamble to their confederation, 332, — their purchases of Indian land, 335-338, — their various wars with the Indians, 324, 340, 341, 344, 345, — their union for defence, 347, — their rivalry with the French culminating in the French and Indian War, 347 et seq.; accession of, to Western territory, 349; their forest strong-holds and garrisons, and their

efforts to maintain them, 350-353.

• "Evangeline," Longfellow's, 307.

F.

• Festivals, Indian, 187.
• Fire-water, reason of the name, 489.
• Franciscan Friars, the, rivalry of, with the Jesuits, in their Canadian missions, 298-300; their missionary labors in Canada, 389, 390. French, the, first visitors to America after the Spaniards, 3, 266; their fishing voyages to the New World, 265, 266; basis of their claim to the possession of the continent, 266, 288-290; in some respects more agreeable to the natives than were the Spaniards, 266, 267; their disastrous attempts at colonization in Florida, 270-273; they colonize in Acadia and Canada, 276 et seq.; kidnap Indians in Canada, 277, 278; settle in Alabama and Louisiana, 283-286; no vestige remaining now, except in names of lakes and rivers, etc., of their former hold on the continent, 286, 287; their work as explorers, 289; their influence over the savages, 290, 317; their voyageurs and coureurs, 291; their easy conformity to the ways and customs of the red men, 292, 293; half-breeds, 301; motives, agencies, and principles of, compared with those of the English, 302, 303, 305; their treatment of the Iroquois, 303, 304; conflicts with the English, 307-310, — cession of territory to, 308, 310, 317, 348.
• Friars, the Dominican, beginning of their work in the New World, 71-73.
• Frontenac, Count, his connivance with Indian cruelty, 125, 120; his conformity to Indian customs, 295. Frontiers, our, shifting character of, 358-362.
• Frontiersmen, the, qualities and hardships of, 360-367.
• Fur-trade, the, 295, 296; Hudson-Bay-Company traffic in, 488; French Northwest Company in, 491; American enterprise in, 492.

G.

Gambling, Indian love of, 185.

• Games, Indian, 187.
• Gookin, Daniel, overseer of Indian settlements in Mass., 440; his hopeful Report to the Society in England, 457; his hearty co-operation with Eliot, 457, 458; his "Account of the Doings and Sufferings of the Christian Indians" in King Philip's war, 459, — his labors in their behalf, 462, 464. *Gospel, message of, to the Indians, 377.
• Greeley, Horace, his observation and opinion of the Indian, 623.
• Guacanagari, native cacique of Hispaniola, his friendly services to Columbus, 43, 47.

H.

Half-Breeds, the French, 301.

• Hamilton, Alexander, his advice and action concerning the Indians, 529.
• "Hammock" (or Hamac), word imported into English from the language of the natives of Hispaniola, 49.
• Hampton, Indian School at, 628.
• Harrison, President, his argument with Tecumseh, 529, 530. *Harvard College, its early part in the education of the Indian, 25, 26; Indian students at, 467.
• Hawkins, Sir John, father of the English Slave-trade, 271.
• Hearne, Samuel, 382.
• Hontan, Baron la, 125-127, 162.
• Horse, the, terrific spectacle of, to the natives, as used in warfare, 47, 66; use of, secured to Cortes the conquest of Mexico, 66; present stock of, an importation to this continent, 202; the use and value of, learned by the Indian from the white man, 202-204; a means, with other domestic animals, of civilization to the Indian, 625.
• Hudson Bay Company, the, its origin, 483; a gigantic monopoly, not seeking colonization, but gain, 484, 486; literature of, 485, 491; number of its employes, 485; opinion of it of its own servants and agents, 487; its enormous profits, 488; its employment of half-breeds, 488; furnishes great quantities of "fire-water" to the Indians, 489, 490; its feuds with French hunters and traders, 491; its relations to Selkirk's lied River Settlement, 493; its efforts to open

direct trade with China across our continent, 494, 495.

• Huguenots, the, in America, 270; fortunes of their colony in Florida, 271-273.
• "Hurricane," word imported into English from the language of the natives of Hispaniola, 49.

I.

• Indian, origin of the name. See Aborigines.
• Indian College, the, name of the first brick building at Harvard, 25, 26.
• Indian doctors, the, 129.
• Indian names of places, desirableness of their being recalled, 160, 161.
• "Indian Question," the, difficulties of, 35-38, 553; helps and facilities reached for dealing wisely with it, 554-556; the present actual situation of, 557, 558.
• Indies, the, a western passage to, the dream of Columbus, 2, 3, — and of Europeans generally, 9, 10.
• Intelligence, average of, among men generally rated too high, 91; remark of Dr. Franklin quoted, 91.
• Isabella, of Castile, pleads for kind treatment of the Indians, 22; her instructions to Las Casas on this point, 57, 58.
• Isabella, site of the second colony established in the New World by Columbus, 45; its experiences, 46.

J.

• Jennison, Mary, an Indianized white woman, 613.
• Jesuits, the, exquisite tact of, among the savages, in conforming to their modes and manners, 146; their method of converting the savages compared with that of the Puritan and Protestant, 297, 300, 369, 377; influence of their priests on the Indians, 307, 309, — their devotion and zeal as missionaries to the red men, 385, 386, 390 et seq., — their preparatory training and discipline, 391, 392, 402, — their " Relations," 393, — their method of life and their homes in the wilderness, 391-396, 405-408, — their success as Indian missionaries, 399, — the tragic fate which some of them met, 403, 405, — their altar ornaments in the wilderness, 409, 410, — their task of conversion a lighter one than the Protestants', 468.
• Jogues, Father, 403.
• Johnson, Sir William, Indian Agent, 191.
• Judgment, the, forewarned against the white man for his treatment of the Indian, 18, 19.

L.

• Lafitau, Jesuit Father, his book on the Indians, 112, 113; his experience of the Indian sign-language and the difficulty of speech with the natives, 118, 119; his idea of their courage and heroism, 124, 137.
• Land, Indian tenure of, 208.
• Language, the Indian, intricate subject of, and wide difference of authorities on, 116; richness and copiousness of, 116; labor and zeal bestowed upon, by Europeans, 117-120; natural origin and beauty of many of its names of persons and places, 158, 160, 161; inter-communication by, among different tribes, 179; variety of its dialects, 180; found by the whites to be difficult of mastery, 181, 182, — yet in communication between natives and whites the latter go more than half-way, 182; remarkable facility of the sign-language between individuals and tribes, 183; Prof. Powell's systematic attempts to study it, 183, 184.
• La Salle, French explorer, 167, 486.
• Las Casas, the great apostle to the Indies, — his protest against the Christian view of conquest, 54-57.
• Lodge, the Indian, 149.
• Lubbock, Sir John, his view of the origin of human existence on the American continent, 5.

M.

• Maize, Indian culture of, 176.
• Marquette, Father, 283, 289, 404.
• Massasoit, Indian chief, 115.
• Masse, Father Enemond, 388.
• Mather, Cotton, 342.
• Mather, Increase, 336.
• Medicine-bag, the, an indispensable article of outfit to the Indians, 150, 151.
• Membertou, a converted Indian chief, his great age, 387; his character, 387; his proposed improvement of the Lord's Prayer, 389.
• Menendez, in Florida, 272.
• Mexicans, the ancient, state of their civilization, 74; Prescott's statement in regard to, 75; evidence of their cannibalism and human sacrifices, 75, 76; their supposed intercourse with Northern aborigines, 179.
• Miantonomo, Indian chief, 115, 116.
• Military Officers, their views of Indian character, 109-111.
• Missions, Christian, some general remarks on aims and methods of, 368, et seq.
• Moccason, Indian the, a superior foot-gear for sylvan and frontier life, 169; its materials and construction, 169, 170.
• Moravian Missions, 475.
• Morgan, Lewis H., a valuable writer on aboriginal life, 87.
• Mound Builders, the, subjects of much ingenious speculation, 92; Loskiel quoted upon, 92.

N.

• Natick, Indian Town, 437.
• Nature, Indian accordance with, 145.
• Navidad, site of the first colony established in the New World by Columbus, 43; its tragic fate, 44, 45.
• New Testament, Eliot's Indian, 455.
• Nicolet, Sieur the, first Frenchman to reach the Mississippi from the north, 86.
• Nomads, land-rights of, 223, 224.
• Noue, Father, 403.
• Nunez, Vasco, first European discoverer of the Pacific, and the first to launch European keels upon its waters, 58, 59.

O.

• Ovando, Nicholas de, cruel and treacherous conduct of, toward the natives at Hispaniola, 48.

P.

• Palfrey, John G., his low estimate of the Indian, as compared with the opposite of Governor Arnold, 114, 115.
• Pappooses, Indian, their training, 205.
• Parkman, Francis, great value of his historical writings, 259-263.
• Parliament, the English, discussion in, on the employment of the Indians against us in the war of the Revolution, 500, 502.
• Pemmican, an invention of the Indians found valuable to white men, 178.
• Penn, William, his pacific policy with the Indians, abandoned by his successors, 218, 357; his interview with Charles II., 227.
• Pequot war, the, 341, 342.
• Philip, Indian king, his scorn of civilization and Christianity, 331; ground of his complaint against the whites, 331, 332; his war with the N. E. colonists, 338, — the right and wrong of it, 339, 340, — its relation to the "Praying Indians" in Mass., 4G0-465.
• Pilgrims, the, first Europeans who came to the New World designing permanent settlement, 10; take root in Massachusetts and Connecticut, 16; receive instructions from the Indians in the cultivation of corn, and in the use of alewives as a fertilizer, 175; their treaty alliances with different tribes, 221.
• Pontiac, leader of the Indian conspiracy against the English in the West, 318; ablest and bravest of the great Indian chieftains, 321; his characteristics and plans, 322-324; his death by treachery, 325.
• Pony, the Indian, 203.
• "Praying Indians," the, their doings and sufferings in King Philip's War, 460-465 ; what finally befell them, 465, 466.
• Protestant missions, the, among the Indians, less successful than the Roman Catholic, 80; aims and methods of the two quite different, 80-83, 369, 377; delay in the beginning of, 421; action of the Mass. General Court concerning, 422, 423; continuation of them to the present time, 475, 476.
• Pueblo Indians, the, 139.
• Puritans, the, their estimate and treatment of the Indian, 116, 420; their method of conversion different from that of the Jesuit, 297, 300; opinions of some individual, concerning the Indians, 336, 342; their reverence for the whole Bible, 453; severity of their discipline with the Indians, 469, 470.

Q.

• Quakers, the, action of, in the French and Indian War, 356-358.
• Questions asked by Indians, 443.

R.

Ralle, Jesuit Father, death of, 309; his account of his missionary labors, 409, 410.

• Recollet Fathers, Missionaries, 299, 389, 390.
• Relations, the, between the white man and the Indian, historically traced in two parallel lines, 20, 21; the conflict between benefits and wrongs in the, 21, 32; what they might have been, 28-30; Lafitau's judgment of, 32; tendency of the development of, 32, 33; the question of permanent domain in. 32-35; first example in, of using natives against natives, set by Columbus, 47; readiness of conformity in, of the ways of the former to those of the latter, 151, 152; the enormous shedding of blood involved in, 269.
• "Repartimientos," system of, as employed by Columbus, 62.
• "Requisition," the, form of royal instructions under which the Spaniards pursued their Conquest of the aborigines, 59-61.
• Reservations for Indians, 84; number of acres held in, 244; suggestions as to modifications of, 578, 579; area of the Indian Territory, 579, — number of its inhabitants, 580; States which contain, 580; trespasses on, 581; necessity for contracting, 582.
• Reversionary tendency to Savagism, 605-008.
• Ribault, Jean, leader of the Huguenot colony in Florida, 270-273.
• Roman Church, the, its assumption as regards a so-called state of heathenism, 53 et seq., 224, 225; its claim to a heritage on the new continent, as set forth in the "Catholic World," 62; success of its Missions among the Indians greater than those of the Protestants, 80, 385; its aims and methods in Missions different from those of the Protestants, 80-83, — description of them, 474, 475, — their greater advantage, 379, 380; character and labors of some of its missionaries, 385-388, 411-416.

S.

• Sagaed, Father, 299.
• Sampson Occum, an Indian ordained to the Christian ministry, — his connection with the founding of Dartmouth College, 26.
• Savagism, the, latent in humanity, 127, 604; how easily it becomes patent in cases of Indianized white men, 363-366; the Indian's persistence in, and relish for, 594-596, 617-620; reversionary instincts to, some illustrations of, 604-608, 610-614.
• Scalps, Indian, bounties on, offered and paid by the colonial governments, 122, 123, 357.
• Scalping, practice of, 120, 121.
• Seals, the, adopted by the early colonies, — their quaint devices and legends, 30-32.
• Selkirk, Earl of, his Red River
• Settlement, and its fortunes, 495.
• Sepulveda, Dr. Juan, the leading opponent of Las Casas in his merciful view of a Avar of Conquest, 55-57.
• Snow-shoe, Indian the, an ingenious invention of the aborigines, — its form, materials, and use, 170-172.
• Spaniards, the, first discoverers of America and namers of its aborigines, 2, 3; their greed for gold the spur of their adventurous ambition, 10, 15, 68; characteristics of, as discoverers and conquerors, 50, 51, 334; their assumption, under papal authority, of exclusive ownership of the New World, 51, 52; make slaves of the Indians, 62, 63; maintained the right and the duty of Conquest, 64; their idea of a heathen and of the treatment due him, 65; their atrocious cruelty towards the Indians, 65, 66; their unconscious irreverence in coupling acts of torture and slaughter with sacred rites and names, 66, 67; their other motives besides rapacity and fanaticism, 76; Humboldt's judgment of them, 76; first of Europeans to come into contact with the natives on the Pacific coast, 79, 80; their missions in California, 80, 83, 84; their murderous destruction of the Huguenot colony in Florida, 272, 273.
• Squaw-man, a, 580.
• Squaws, Indian, as workers, 576.
• "Suderie," the (sweat-box, or vapor bath), a great Indian cure for fevers, etc., 132, 133.
• Sullivan, General, his chastisement of the "Six Nations" in obedience to Washington's instructions, 505.
• Superstitions, Indian, 191.

T.

• Tecumseh, his conspiracy against the U. S. Government, 529; endeavors to form a confederacy of the Western tribes, 530; his argument with General Harrison, 530; his opinion of civilization, 619.
• Torture, Indian practice of, 123.
• Treaties with the Indians, our, unwise policy and mischievous nature of, 536-543; occasion and manner of their violation, 544, 545, 547, 549.

U.

• United States, the, area and acreage of, 207; present Indian population in, 207; number of square miles in, settled, and number of acres of public land, 208; number and nature of its government treaties with the Indians, 208, 209; security of the Government's land-titles given to Indians, 209, 210; our own title to the continent, how it was obtained, 210-212; amount of supplies we furnish to the Indians, 247, 522; unfortunate nature of our covenants with them, 251; the Government's theoretical

acknowledgment but practical denial of the land-tenure of the Indians, 254, 265, — inconsistent action of, in this respect, 257, 258; the nation's endeavor in the Revolutionary War to secure the Indians as neutrals or allies, 497, 498, 501, 502, 504, — embarrassed in its relations with the Indians by the action of England, 505, 507, 509, 518; our Government's early concern for its aborigines, 514, — Congressional action concerning, 515, 527; the prevailing opinion that our Government has been inhuman and perfidious toward the Indians, 516, — remarks upon the justice of that opinion, 51G-518, — three difficulties embarrassing our Government in this matter, 518, 519; sum of benefits bestowed by the nation on the red men, 521-523; the Government's peace-medals to chiefs, 523, 524, — its receptions of Indian delegations, 524, 525; the three leading designs of the Government as to the red men, 525, 526, — its good intentions thwarted, 533-535, — reason for this pointed out, 530 et seq.; three mistakes which our Government has made in dealing with the Indians, 551, 552, — its Indian Bureau and Peace Commissioners, 559, 560, — its peace and war policy in treating with the red men, wisdom and unwisdom of each considered, 561-566; basis of the actual relation of our Government to the Indians, 567, — its enormous expense to support them, 569-571, — its right and duty to use proper compulsory measures towards, 572-577, 582, 584; danger menacing our Government from the Indians gathering on the northwest border and forming alliance with English power, 574, 575: necessity that we should disarm them, 583.

V.

• Vaca, Cabeza de, the first European who stood on the banks of the Mississippi, and crossed the continent from sea to sea, 86.
• Vermin, Indians regarded as, 235.
• Vespucci, Amerigo, 48.
• Virginia, wars in, between the colonists and the Indians, 844, 345.
• Voyageurs, the, 291.

W.

• Wampum, Indian, 202.
• War, Indian preparation for, 195.
• Washington, President, his wise regard for the Indians exhibited in his official action, 528.
• Water-ways of the Continent, the, 153-156.
• Wigwams, Indian, 149, 150.
• Williams, Eunice, an Indianized white woman, 613.
• Williams, Roger, his opinion of the Spanish and French religious dealings with the Indians, 74; his opinion of the capacity of the Indian, 99; his ideas of Indian state and royalty, 113; his "Key" of the Indian language, 421, 422.

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