Transactions of the Linnean Society of London/Volume 12/A Botanical History of the Genus Tofieldia
XV. A Botanical History of the Genus Tofieldia.By Sir James Edward Smith, M.D. F.R.S. P.L.S.
Read January 21, 1817.
Notwithstanding the assiduous labours of so many acute and learned men in the field of Botany for three centuries past, much still remains to be done in the mere determination of species. All our care and watchfulness are still requisite, to keep the science clear of confusion, even in the history and discrimination of Europæan plants. No accurate and scientific student will find any want of employment, or of well-deserved credit, in the exclusive cultivation of this field. The more familiar the plants, the less carefully have they, often, been studied, and the more numerous their synonyms, the greater is the chance of accumulated and intricate mistakes. Those who are competent to devote themselves to this branch of scientific inquiry, will wisely avoid all loss of time about matters of opinion, concerning which, men more learned and experienced than themselves have differed, but which are in general sufficiently settled for all practical uses, though they might be debated upon for ever, without any incontrovertible conclusion. Such are many of the genera in dispute between Linnæus and other authors; in alluding to which, I by no means wish to deter young botanists from the study of genera, one of the most instructive that they can pursue. But to learn and to teach are very different things. I cannot too often protest against those more tempting roads to immortality, gratuitous changes of names, and speculations in classification. The former can only be permitted, if at all, to the most eminent leaders and reformers of botanical science, who may be capable of acquiring supreme authority in the latter.
The writer of this paper has never thought himself more directly pursuing the best objects of that Society, now so eminent, and so extensively useful, to whose service he has so long been devoted, than when employed in those practical investigations and criticisms, by which its "Transactions" are particularly distinguished. These subjects are so far from being exhausted, that scarcely any considerable genus of plants could be taken at random out of the Linnæan herbarium, without afiording matter for an ample dissertation.
The genus Tofieldia is known to have been involved in much confusion, as to its name and character; but no one seems aware of the still greater confusion, and intricate misapprehensions, which concern its species. I shall attempt to unravel both these subjects.
The late Mr. Dryander has well pointed out, in the second edition of Mr. Aiton's Hort. Kew. v. ii. 324, that our present Tofieldia was the real and original Anthericum of Linnæus, in his Genera Plantarum, cd. i. 106. Accordingly it there stands in the Hexandria Trigynia. But in the second edition of the same work, published five years afterwards, the author combines, or rather confounds, with this genus his own Bilbine, Gen. Pl. ed. i. 95, as Tournefort had done before him. In the first edition of the Species Plantarum therefore Anthericum is a most heterogeneous assemblage; and so it continued in all the subsequent publications of the great Swedish botanist. Some things have been done in England still further to embroil, and some to reform it. The Hortus Kewensis, and Mr. Brown's Prodromus, stand eminently conspicuous among the works which have conduced to the latter object. Their authors have, in this instance, wisely exercised that discretionary paramount authority, which belongs only to the leaders in Botany, of overruling a prior claim of nomenclature. Instead of setting up the original Anthericum, they have retained that name for the numerous species to which it is popularly applied, and which make the bulk of the genus as Linnæus and his followers have subsequently understood it. Hence a very troublesome degree of perplexity is avoided; especially as these writers must otherwise either have invented a new name, or have restored Bulbine, already differently applied by Gærtner. They certainly knew better than to take up with Tournefort's Phalangium, which is appropriated to a genus of insects.
The author of the Flora Britannica indeed, aware of the above-mentioned confusion and pretensions respecting Anthericum, had exercised the same discretionary power, following Mr. Hudson in his name of Tofleldia. Under this is commemorated Mr. Tofield, a country gentleman in the neighbourhood of Doncaster, who there discovered the Vicia bithynica, a plant which had escaped the notice of Ray and the botanists of his time, though since observed in other parts of England. The herbarium of Mr. Tofield came, in 1793, after his decease, into the possession of Dr. Younge of Sheffield, F.L.S.
Jussieu, led by Gerard, has transferred Mœring's name of Narthecium to our Tofieldia; from an idea, as it appears, that the real Narthecium of that author belonged to this genus, though nothing can be more distinct. We believe it to be no less distinct from Anthericum, though retained in that genus, after Willdenow, in the Hortus Kewensis. The able M. Decandolle, not wishing perhaps to clash with Jussieu, has called this last plant Abama; but the prior right of Narthecium, published in 1742, is irrefragable.
The genus whose illustration is the object of the present disquisition, may therefore be considered as now established beyond the reach of controversy, under the following name and characters.
Tofieldia.
Huds. Fl. Angl. 157. Sm. Fl. Brit. 397.Dryand. in Ait. Hort. Kew.v. ii. 324Pursh Amer. Sept. 216.Decand. Fr. v. iii. 193.
Anthericum.Linn. Gen. Pl. ed. i. 106.Hall. Hist. v. ii. 98.
Narthecium.Ger. Gallopr. 142.Juss. Gen. 47.Lamarck Illustr. t. 268.
Isidrogalvia.Ruiz et Pavon Peruv. v. iii. 69. Dryand.
Char. Ess.Calyx trifidus.Petala sex, æqualia.Styli verticales, breves.Capsulæ tres, superæ, basi junctæ, polyspermæ.Antheræ subrotundæ.
Char. Nat.
Cal.Perianthium inferum, remotiusculum, monophyllum, membranaceum, trifidum, parvum, persistens.
Cor.Petala sex, oblonga, concava, æqualia, patentia, persistentia, calyce multoties longiora.
Stam.Filamenta sex, petalis opposita, subulata, simplicia, glabra, longitudine corollæ. Antheræ incumbentes, cordato-subrotundæ.
Pist.Germina tria, supera, conniventia, acuminata, desinentia in stylos brevissimos, verticales, distantes.Stigmata capitata.
Peric.Capsulæ tres, basi connexæ, gibbosæ, carinatæ, membranaceæ, uniloculares, bivalves, intùs præcipuè dehiscentes.
Sem.Numerosa, elliptico-oblonga, angulata, valvularum margini internæ utrinque inserta.
Narthecium, which agrees most in habit with the genus before us, is distinguished from it by the want of a calyx; as well as by having a simple germen and single style; hairy filaments; and a membranous tunic, tapering at each end, to the seeds. Anthericum, including the Phalangium of Tournefort and Jussieu, differs from Tofieldia in having no calyx; a simple germen and style; and angular seeds. Helonias, to which Willdenow refers our T. palustris, confounding under that solitary species nearly the whole genus, has a simple germen and capsule, though three styles; very few seeds in each cell; and wants the calyx.
The species of Tofieldia have hitherto been even less understood than its generic characters, as the following exposition will show.
T. palustris. Huds. Angl. 157. Sm. Brit. 397. Engl. Bot. t. 536. Ait. Hort. Kew. v. ii. 324.
T. pusilla. Pursh Amer. Sept. 246.
Anthericum calyculatum. Linn. Sp. Pl. 447. Fl. Lapp. cd. ii. 106. t. 10. f. 3. Fl. Dan. t. 36. Lightf. Scot. 181. t. 8. f. 2.
Helonias borealis. Willd. Sp. Pl. v. ii. 274.
Narthecium pusillum. Michaux Boreali-Amer. v. i. 209.
Phalangium scoticum palustre minimum, iridis folio. Raii Syn. 375. Tourn. Inst. 369.
Native of the black boggy margins of pools and trickling rills, on the mountains of Lapland, Scotland, Durham, and North America, particularly lake Mistassins, flowering from June to August.
This is a perennial herbaceous plant, of humble stature, entirely smooth in every part. The root is horizontal and somewhat tuberous, or woody, but slender, with very long, tough, white, zig-zag fibres. Leaves composing numerous radical tufts, dark green, equitant, sword-shaped, ribbed, two inches long. Stem erect, from four to six inches high, solitary, simple, round, quite smooth, naked; triangular at the base, where it often bears one small leaf, not rising above the others. Flowers pale green, very small, in a little oblong, obtuse, generally very dense head, from a quarter to half an inch in length. The partial flower-stalks are entirely wanting, the calyx being crowded close to the main stalk, with hardly any perceptible bractea. The base of the flower within the calyx is however elongated, assuming, as the fruit advances, the appearance of a thick stalk, swelling upwards, half a line in length. Calyx very deeply divided into three acute segments, small, membranous, and whitish. Petals hardly a line long, obovate, generally quite obtuse, concave, greenish-white, longer than the stamens. Germens combined into a nearly globular form, with three furrows. Styles extremely short, spreading, with abrupt, slightly capitate, stigmas. Capsules converging, roundish-obovate, each about the size of mustard-seed, obtuse, with a minute spreading point crowned by the style.
Such is the original Lapland plant of Linnæus, exactly agreeing with specimens from Scotland and the county of Durham, as represented in Engl. Bot., and answering precisely to the T. pusilla, adopted by Pursh from Michaux. With this has all along been nfounded a Swiss species, which we are next to describe, and which is the only plant known to botanists of the South of Europe as the Linnæan Anthericum calyculatum. Dillenius caused this confusion, as appears by the Flora Lapponica; where Linnæus, who strongly suspected these two plants to be different, but never, to the day of his death, saw more than one of them, was induced by his learned correspondent to consider them as varieties of each other.
T. palustris. Decand. Fr. v. iii. 193. Redout. Liliac. t. 256.
Anthericum n. 1205. Hall. Hist. v. ii. 98; excluding the synonyms of Mœring and Gorter.
A. Pseudoasphodelus. Jacq. Enum. 59, 233.
Narthecium iridifolium. Villars Dauph. v. ii. 225.
N. calyculatum. Allion. Pedem. v. ii. l65. Lamarck Franc. v. iii. 298.
Scheuchzeria Pseudo-asphodelus. Scop. Carn. v. i. 263.
Phalangium alpinum palustre, iridis folio. Tourn. Inst. 368. Segu. Veron. v. ii. 6l. t. 14. Scheuchz. It. v. i. 139.
Pseudo-asphodelus alpinus. Bauh. Pin. 29.
Pseudo-asph. pumilus, foliis iridis. Clus. Pan. 261. t. 262.
Pseudo-asph. secundus. Clus. Hist. v. i. 198.
Pseudo-asph. quibusdam. Bauh. Hist. v. ii. 634; the description, not the figure, which represents a Pancratium.
Asphodelus Lancastriæ verus. Ger. Em. 96.
Very common in moist grassy pastures on the alps of Europe, throughout Austria, Switzerland, the south of France, and north of Italy, flowering in August. Scheuchzer says it grows on the shady dry ridges of hills, and he therefore wonders at Tournefort's epithet of palustris. I have gathered this plant in the boggy margins of alpine rivulets, on the plain of mount Cenis. Seguier, Villars, and Allioni speak of it as an inhabitant of rich, moist, or spongy soils, among grass. Notwithstanding what is said in Gerarde's Herbal, there is no authority for its ever having been found in Britain.
This species is, in every part, twice the size of the foregoing, of which it has, till now, been considered as a variety, whose greater luxuriance, or more dilated habit, was attributed to its situation in a more favourable climate. Into this error I have been led in the Flora Britannica, where therefore a number of erroneous synonyms are accumulated; but the description belongs precisely to the T. palustris, except perhaps what regards the bracteas and fruit. So much are we frequently disposed to see with the eyes of others, that it was not before I had compared the figure in English Botany with that of Redouté, both cited, together in Hort. Kew., that I was obliged to correct my opinion. After making all imaginable allowance for possible inaccuracy in the two artists, however excellent; and for the one plate being taken from a wild specimen, the other from a most luxuriant garden plant; nothing seemed to justify a conclusion of their belonging to one species. A more close examination of the plants themselves immediately removed all uncertainty. Besides the difference of size, as above mentioned, the root of what I have now named T. alpina is much thicker in proportion, and more woody. The stem bears two distant leaves, of which the uppermost especially is much smaller than the radical ones, and if situated more than half way up the stem, it diminishes in proportion. But the most satisfactory differences exist in the flowers. The inflorescence is a cluster (racemus), from one to two inches long, frequently interrupted or scattered. The partial stalks, though short and thick, are always distinctly present, having a concave permanent solitary bractea, about their own length, at the base; and as the fruit advances they become more evident, a line or more in length, and curved upward. The calyx is close to the rest of the flower, cup-shaped, unequally and rather slightly 
Tofieldia stenopetala. T. glutionsa.
three-cleft. Petals rather more yellowish, scarcely so long as the stamens. They are represented too narrow and acute in M. Redouté's figure. Capsules combined almost all the way up, making together a roundish-elliptical three-lobed figure, larger than a coriander seed, of a light brown, transversely corrugated, their points widely spreading, crowned with the short thick styles, and capitate stigmas. The seeds are extremely numerous. The wooden cut of the old authors above cited, is quite as expressive as the copper-plate of Seguier, commended by Villars, and copied by Lamarck.
Gathered by Kalm in North America, but in what part we are unable to determine. Three of his specimens are preserved in the Linnæan herbarium.
This, which Linnæus did not distinguish from his Anthericum calyculatum, is most akin to our Tofieldia alpina, with which it accords in size and habit, as well as in bearing two, sometimes three, alternate distant leaves on the stem. The inflorescence is a dense obtuse cluster, one inch and a half long, interrupted in the lower part. The bracteas however afford a clear specific difference, being lanceolate, and extending not only to the summit of the short and thick partial flower-stalks, but often reaching much beyond the calyx, which latter is very broad and shallow, unequally three-cleft, sometimes with a few supernumerary teeth or notches. The petals are very different in shape from both the preceding species, being lanceolate and acute. Their colour seems a greenish white. Anthers pointed. Germens ovato-lanceolate. Styles twice as long as the last.
Tab. VIII. Fig. 1 represents a dried specimen of T. stenopetala, of the natural size, with the separate parts of fructification magnified.A is the calyx with its flower-stalk and bractea.B, a petal.C, Stamen.D, Germens and styles.
Anthericum filamentis lævibus, perianthio integerrimo. Gmelin Mss.
A. n. 39. Gmelin Sibir. v. i. 73. t. 18. f. 2; the synonyms altogether erroneous.
Native of mountainous woods, near the river Lena, in Siberia, flowering about the end of July. Specimens in flower and fruit, sent by Gmelin, are preserved in the Linnæan herbarium; and we find with astonishment that when the first edition of the Species Plantarum was written, they were confounded with the genuine Lapland Anthericum calyculatum, even by Linnæus himself.
The present most distinct species is as different from T. palustris as two plants of one natural genus can well be. It is more akin to our second and third species, with which it accords in general aspect, but the roots are of a more creeping nature, and the stem is taller, a foot or more in height, quite leafless, except at the very base, cylindrical throughout, glaucous in the upper part. Leaves narrow, near three inches long, with a small oblique point; their edges rough toward the extremity. Cluster erect, many-flowered, from two to four inches in length, rather lax, but scarcely interrupted. Partial flower-stalks nearly horizontal, slender, angular when dry, quite smooth, about one eighth of an inch long, and as the fruit advances becoming still longer. Bracteas solitary at the base of each stalk, and about a quarter as long, ovate, keeled, a little recurved. Flowers white, drooping, about twice the size of Convallaria bifolia. Calyx dilated, with three shallow, obtuse segments. Petals obovate, obtuse, slightly pointed, concave, the length of the flower-stalks, and keeping pace with them in their subsequent elongation, when the petals become very narrow at the base. Stamens shorter than the corolla ; the anthers, according to Gmelin, yellow. Germens and styles much like T. stenopetala. Capsules quite pendulous, shorter than the per- manent corolla, obovate, very thin and brittle, combined nearly all the way up, but easily separated, each crowned with a straight spreading style, and capitate stigma. Seeds very numerous, small, slender, prismatic.
Gmelin mentions, on the authority of Steller, a variety with leaves upon the stem, which we should suspect to be a diffcrrent species ; but without seeing specimens, we can determine nothing respecting this point.
T. pubens.Dryand. in Ait. Hort. Kew. v. ii. 325.
T. pubescens.Pursh Amer. Sept. 246.
Narthecium pubens.Michaux Boreali-Amer. v. i. 209.
Melanthium racemosum.Walt. Carol. 126.
Anthericum filamentis lævibus, perianthio trifido.Linn. Hort. Cliff. 140.Gran. Virg. ed. i. 39.
A. foliis ensiformibus, perianthiis trilobis, filamentis glabris.Gron. Virg. ed. ii. 51.
Asphodelus minor albus.Pluk. Mant. 29.Phyt. t. 342. f. 3.
Native of moist meadows, swamps, and mossy boggy woods, in Virginia and Carolina, flowering in July.Clayton, Pursh.
Having no specimen of this, I postpone its description, till I can examine the Banksian herbarium. It makes the last of five species, which have been confounded together under the Linnæan Anthericum calyculatum.
T. glutinosa.Pursh Amer. Sept. 246.
Narthecium glutinosum.Michaux Boreali-Amer. v. i. 210.
Native of North America, from Quebec to lake Mistassins, according to Michaux. Our specimen was gathered by Mr. Menzies, on the west coast of North America, and is the same with what Mr. Pursh saw in the Banksian herbarium. We have no reason to suspect the plant of Michaux to be different. He says it has "the habit of the Linnæan Anthericum ossifragum," and that "the spike consists of a few alternate fasciculi; the capsule is ovate, twice as long as the calyx." By calyx, he means corolla, and by spica, racemus, as is evident from the rest of his account. Mr. Pursh therefore is inaccurate in copying his phraseology, which contradicts his own generic character of Tofieldia.
Mr. Menzies's specimen has a thick tuberous horizontal root, with long simple brown fibres, being undoubtedly perennial, like the rest of the genus. Stem erect, a foot high, angular, at least when dry, roughish all over with short glandular hairs; more densely hairy for the space of two inches from the top, where it bears a small leafy bractea, possibly not constant. Leaves rather few, all radical, except one or two on the very lowest part of the stem, which do not rise above the others; they are all erect, four or five inches long, narrow, ribbed, bright green, smooth, except a slight roughness towards the point. Cluster scarcely an inch in length, ovate, obtuse, of twelve or fourteen flowers, on hairy stalks, sometimes in pairs, hardly a quarter of an inch long, erect or slightly spreading, having at the base one or two membranous acute bracteas, one-third their own length. Calyx not deeply lobed. Petals yellowish, obovate, about as long as the stalks. Stamens equal, thread-shaped, quite smooth, a little longer than the corolla. Anthers purplish, nearly orbicular, pointless. Germens ovate-oblong, taper-pointed. Styles rather elongated, with small stigmas.
Having seen nothing of the capsule, we cannot compare it with Michaux's description.
This is unquestionably very different from the Narthecium glutinosum, described by Mr. Gawler in Curt. Mag. t. 1505, the latter being a real Narthecium, called by Pursh N. americanum; see his Flora, p. 227.
Norwich, Jan. 20, 1817.J. E. Smith.