The American Indian/Index
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Aboriginal life, complexity of, 127
Abrading, pebbles showing process, 116
Acacia niopo berry, snuff powder, 30
Accent, stress, little used in American phonetics, 287
Acorn, area, 16; bread, 16, 212; industry, northern extension of, 338; meal, cooked in baskets, California, 351; preparation of, for food, 16
Adultery, punishment of, 175
Adze, distribution of, 119
Age, system of societies in America, 359
Age, grades, 162–163; grades, Plains Indian societies, 348–350; grading systems, origin of, 359–360; societies, men's, 162–163; Plains, 359
Aged, treatment of, 177
Agricultural, areas, 17–23; products, Amazon Basin, 22; products, Chibcha peoples, 21; products, Ecuador, 21, 22; products, Inca, 22; products, Pueblo peoples, 19, 21; rituals, 182
Agriculture, Amazon Basin, 22; Amazon tribes, 237; area of intensive, outlined, 8; area of intensive, 19; Chibcha area, 230; control of, by Inca and Nahua, 174; cultural differences in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, 21; diffusion of, 28; distribution in America, 28; Eastern Woodland Area, 221, 222; extensive, Maya, 227; guanaco area, 233–235; high organization of in Nahua and Maya areas, 21; Inca area, 232; intensive, Aztec, 228; lack of in the Plains, 206; limits of distribution in North America, 17–18; main dependence on in Southwest area, 224; nomadic tribes of the Southwest, 226; in the Old and New Worlds, 357–358; Southeastern area, 223; still maintained by Amazon tribes, 23; woman's work in eastern maize area, 19.
Alaska-Siberian type of pottery, 70
Algonkin, 48, 52, 63, 71, 79, 108, 109, 157, 169, 172, 196, 217, 220, 241, 274, 306, 331, 335; possible historical relation to Eskimo, 122. See also Algonquian
Algonquian, languages, 294; linguistic area, 254; stock, 294, 295, 296, 353; stock in California, 292; stock, consolidated with California stocks, 369; stock, linguistic and tribal groups, 369–370; stocks, linguistic, recently combined with, 285
Alpaca, herded for wool, 39
Altars, sand painted, Pueblo area, 225
Amherst students, bodily proportions, 311
Ancestors, family, carving influenced by beliefs concerning, 88
Angakok, 188
Animal, lodges, Caddoan, 189; tales, prevalence of in mythology, 192; transport, distribution of, 33
Animals, clan and gens names derived from, 163; domestication of, 32–38, 39; early introduction of European, 41; hoofed, similarity of root terms for in several languages, 293; life-like forms of, carved, 88; Old World, early adoption in Southeastern area, 223; take on human qualities in mythology, 194
Antilles, 43, 46, 56, 66, 69, 76, 113, 121, 123, 132, 157, 237, 248; archæological characterization of, 263–264; cultural characterization of, 242
Antiquity, of archæological deposits in the Arctic, not established, 260; of archæological remains in California, 259; of cultures in Peru, 266; of remains, in Patagonia, 268; of skeletal remains, 323, 325
Apu Ollantay, Inca drama, 198
Aqueduct systems, Peru and Mexico, 107
Arch, absence of in New World architecture, 100
Archæological characterization of culture areas, Antilles, 263; Arctic area, 260; Atlantic Highlands, 267–268; California, 258–259; Canadian area, 260; Central Mexico, 261; Chile, 266–267; Colombia, 264–265; Columbia Basin, 259–260; Ecuador, 265; Great Lakes area, 253–254; Iroquoian area, 250–252; Mississippi-Ohio area, 252–253; North Atlantic area, 245; Northern Mexico, 260–261; North Pacific Coast, 260; Panama, 261–263; Patagonia, 268; Peru, 265–266; Plains area, 254–256; Pueblo, 256–258; South Atlantic area, 248–250; State of Oaxaca, 261; Yucatan, 261
Archæological classification, 245–268; correlated with cultural classification, 328–331; close correspondence with historic classification, 337
Archæological specimens, manner of classification, 245
Archæology, Eskimo, 216; European, 275–276; Iroquoian, 331; North America, 245–264; South America, 264–268.
Armor, defensive, 131–132; Northern California, 213; North Pacific Coast area, 214; Plateau area, 210
Art, center, Pueblo, 81; characteristics of New World, 94; decorative, Eastern Woodland area, 221, 222; decorative, modern revival in, 2; decorative, Northern California, 213; decorative, North Pacific Coast area, 214; decorative, Plateau area, 210; double-curve, 85; geometric, 79; geometric, Plains, 208; geometric and realistic, 76; individualities in, 94–95; of intense culture area, 90–91; localization of, 338; Maya, high development of, 271, 277; Plains, 82, 84; realistic, 84; symbolic, 225
Artifacts, archæological, Northern Mexico, 260; California area, 258–259; Columbia Basin, 259; most common in Antilles, 263, 264; stone, geographical segregation of, North Pacific area, 248; stone, types, and distribution, 118–123
Astronomical knowledge, New World peoples, 131
Athapascan stock, 285, 291, 295–296, 335; distribution, 332; immigrants from the North, 339; linguistic and tribal groups, 370, 379
Axes, perforated, in Neolithic Europe, 122
Aztec, 32, 134, 137, 139, 162, 182, 183, 185, 186, 228, 229, 261, 274; culture, similarity to Maya, 228-229; most typical of the Nahua culture, 227
Bakairi, 310
Basketry, 50-56, 225; area, outlined, 79; California area, 54, 94, 212; cane, 89, 94; central group, North Pacific Coast tribes, 214; decorations on, 76; distinguished from cloth, 56; distribution of types, 53; eastern maize area, 89; Eskimo, 89, 216; Haida and Tlingit, 88-89; imbricated, 81; Northern Shoshonean tribes, 211; Pima, 226; Plateau area, 210; Southeastern area, 89; Southwestern area, 226; splint, 54-55; techniques, 79-80; Tlingit, 213
Baskets, Aleutian, 74-75; California, designs on analyzed, 84; California, specialization in, 338; cane, 77, 223; classification of, 52; cooking, 54; decoration of, 76-77; flexible, 58
Bear, belief in power of, 200
Betel nut culture, analogy of tobacco chewing to, 30
Berries, used as food, Déné, 218; Carrier, 14; salmon area, 15; and fruits, rarity in acorn area, 16
Birchbark, canoes of, 43; covers for tipis, 110; decorations on, 85, 86; high development of drawing on, 87; vessels and canoes associated, 55; work in, Mackenzie area, 338
Bison area, 34, 35, 39, 45, 109, 122, 153, 175, 176, 178, 197, 198, 200, 320; costume, 63; described, 11; designs, 82; pottery made in, 67; types of cultures in, 336
Bison, eastern range of, 19; methods of hunting, 11; use of centered in the Plains, 338. See also buffalo
Black-on-white pottery, distribution, 257
Blind dupe, distribution of story, 196
Blood-clot Boy, story, 197
Blood feuds, among tribes with simple organization, 171
Blood, offering, among Maya and Nahua, 191; as a means of purification, 200; vengeance, right of recognized in North America, 168; vengeance, tribes of Gulf states, 170
Bochica, Chibcha culture hero, 198,
Bone, artifacts, in Missouri Valley, 254; objects of, California area, 258; prevailing tool material in hunting areas, 122; process of working, 122-123
Boomerang, Pueblo area, 225
Bow, in bison area, 38; distribution, 133; musical, 147; sinew-backed, 358; universal use of, 132-133
Bowdrill, 127
Bowls, knot, Eastern Woodland area, 338
Boxes, and plank work, specialization in, 338
Bread, acorn, 16; cassava root, 28; coonti roots, 222-223; hemlock bark, 15; tuckahoe and persimmon, 18
Bricks, made in Mexico, 72
Bridges, suspension, in Peru, 107
Brush shelters, 111
Buffalo, dependence on, by Plains Indians, 206, 217; hair, used as fiber, 45; hair, spinning, 49; hair weaving, northern extension of, 60. See also bison
Bundles, ceremonial, 186; rituals for,
Burial, form of, 249, 250; in gravel banks, Mississippi-Ohio area, 253; mound, distribution, 102-103, 265; platform, guanaco area, 235; urn, 73, 107, 249, 267
"Burning Cannibal," distribution of story, 196
Calabash rattle, distribution of, 189
California culture traits, in Plateau area, 211
Calpulli, function of, among Nahua, 166
Canadian area, archæological characterization of, 260
Canoe culture, Amazon area, 241
Carving, in Columbia Basin, 259; distribution of, 88, 138; ivory, 88; North Pacific Coast area, 110, 214; wood, 87, 216; stone, 134
Catlinite, use of in Great Lakes area,
Cave culture, in the Old and New Worlds, 276
Central Mexico, archæological characterization of, 261
Cephalic index, distribution in the New World, 301-304; rapid change in, immigrant population of United States, 303-304; range and variability of, 303; tribal groups, according to culture areas, 322
Cereal complex, Old World, maize culture adapted to, 346
Ceremonial tablets, birchbark, 129
Ceremonialism, great development of, 180
Ceremonies, Amazon tribes, 239; dogs eaten during, 41; eagles and serpents confined for, 32; Eastern Woodland area, 221; Eskimo area, 216; Inca area, 232; Lacandones, 228; localization of, 338; marriage, 176; Maya, 181; Mexican, 182; Northern California, 213; patterns for, 344; Pueblo area, 225; rituals of Pueblo and North Pacific Coast, 198; tribal patterns for, 348
Charms, 18
Chavin Stone, 105
Chilan Balam, Books of, 140
Chimney, absence of, in aboriginal houses, 112
Chronologies, determination of, 277-279; determined by stratification, 273-275; inferential, 276-279
Chronology, basis for solution of problems of similarity between Maya and Asiatic drawings, 360; of cultures, 270-279; established by stratification of pottery in Mexico, 274; established by stratification of pottery in New Mexico, 274; inapplicability of Old World, to the New World, 275-276; Maya, 271; Mexican, 272; of sculptures, 134; Southwestern, 81
Civilization, centers of, in the New World, 364
Classification of man, basis of, 298, 299; breadth of face, 299-300; flattening of the femur, 300-301; flattening of the tibia, 300; by hair, 298; by skin, 299
Classificatory system of relationship, distribution of, 160
Cliff-dweller, house type distribution, 257; houses, basketry remains in, 54; houses, textiles from, 60; ruins, textiles from, 81
Clothing, 61-66; Amazon tribes, 239; California area, 212; Eastern Woodland area, 221; Eskimo, dependence on caribou for, 9; guanaco area, 234; Mackenzie area, 219; North Pacific Coast area, 214; Plains, 206; Plateau area, 210; Pueblo area, 225; skin, 46, 277; Southeastern area, 223; southwestern Déné, 218; tailored, diffusion of, 65; tailored, in the Old World, 63-65
Codex, Mexican, resemblance to year counts, 129
Collars, stone, in the Antilles, 121
Colonnades, common, in Mexican houses, 100
Color sequences, in Peruvian designs, 92
Columbia area, 275
Communistic government, 149
Conventionalization, in design, 85
Convergence, in culture, theory of, 344
Copper, aboriginal workings of, 253-254; knives, 121; Lake Superior, 125; mining, 124; tools, 124-125, 228; work in, North Pacific Coast, 214
Cotton, armor of, 131-132; culture, distribution of, 46; raised in South America, 56; unity of New World complex, 49
Couvade, in South America, 182
Cranes, domestication of, 32
"Crane Bridge," distribution of story, 196
Creation, in mythology, 195
Crests, North Pacific Coast tribes, 214
Crops, aboriginal, in North America,
Cross-cousin marriage, 176
Culture, Amazon area, 240; American, independent development of, 17; of the Antilles, 267; anthropological conception of, 204; areas close agreement with archæological areas, 334; areas, North America, 206-229; areas, outlined, 205; areas, South America, 229-242; areas, superposition of, 330; center, Mississippi-Ohio area, 252, 253; centers, 242-244,328, 329; centers of highest, 202, 361, 362; centers, origin of, 339; centers, Peru, 266; centers, stability of, 339; changes shown in shell-heaps, 275; chronology of, 270-279; classification of social groups according to, 204-244; classifications, historic and prehistoric, 328; Columbia Basin, 259; common traits in New and Old Worlds, 358; complexes, elements constituting, 353; by conquest, 150; contrasts in Inca area, 231; correlated with political organization, 243; correlation between elevations and variations in, 335-336; correspondences between Old and New Worlds, 356, 360; correspondences between Pueblo and Diaguite, 266; differences in Amazon area, 240; differentiation of, a historical phenomena, 355; diffusion, 77; evidence of early in New Jersey, 248; fundamental differences in New and Old Worlds, 1; fundamentals of Old World, 357; general relations with linguistics and somatology, 334; grouping, 282; grouping, correlated with language grouping, 332; guanaco area, 233; hero, in mythology, 195; hero, Peruvian, 180; hero trickster, wide diffusion of concept, 199; historical conception of, 352-354; intergradations of, 242; material, stability of, 340; means of interpretation of, 352-354; Mongoloid-Red peoples, contributions to, 362-363; most advanced in area of intense agriculture, 19; origin, theories of, 342-354; periods, in Eastern United States, 276; Plains, 206-209; possibility of transpositions of, 336; seafaring, 43; sequences in, 275; subdivisions of, South Atlantic area, 248-250; subdivisions of, Atlantic Highlands, 267; subdivisions, Colombia, 264; subdivisions, Ecuador, 265; succession of in Chile, 266; term defined, 350; time required for development of, 317; trait-association, 350-352; traits, correlation with faunal and floral distributions, 338; traits, originality of many New World, 356; traits, patterns for, 344; traits, South American, 230; traits, similarities in, 342; types of Southwestern area, 224; unity of, in California archæology, 259; typical, North Atlantic area, 245-248; unity in fundamentals, New World, 202, 356; unity of original Pueblo, 257; varieties in Inca area, 231-232
Cycle, annual, tribes in salmon area, 15; religious, Maya, 181; yearly, ceremonial, 190, 200; yearly, in social life, 153
Cymotrichi, found in Polynesian-European group, 312
Dancing Birds, distribution of story, 196
Day and night, origin of, as told in myths, 195
Decoration, architectural, North Pacific Coast, 110; coiled baskets, 80-81; Columbia pottery, 264; Marajo Island pottery, 267; Peruvian pottery, 93; pottery, 75, 81; pottery and baskets, 76, 77
Decorations, North Pacific Coast baskets, 89; painted on bark and wood, 94; on pottery by glaze, 71-72
Deluge concept, distribution, 199
Descent, common, Mongoloid, and New World peoples, 298; morphological grouping of mankind based on, 298; skin color indicating common with Asiatic peoples, 299
Deserted Children, distribution of story, 196
Design areas, North America, 80; ceramic, an index to chronology, 76; elements, Plains beadwork, 85; geometric, range of, 76; names, 95, 96, 97; unity of concepts, Peruvian pottery and cloth, 93
Designs, alligator and armadillo, 91; Algonkin pottery, 79; analysis of, 95; analytic comparison of, 84; Apache baskets, 82; basketry and beadwork, 95; basketry, California center, 79; beaded and painted, Plains, 82; cane basketry, 89, 94; caribou and eastern maize area, 84; Chilkat blankets, 88-89; decorative, 76-99; distribution of, 79-95; Inca textiles, 92; influenced by technique of basketry and weaving, 77; Navajo blankets, 81; Northwest Amazon, 94; painted on pottery, 91, 93; Peruvian, series of, 92; Plains and California, independent origin of, 84; Plains-like, Déné shields, 219; pottery, 75, 78; realism in, 77, 79; Shoshoni beadwork and basketry, 84; symbolism in, 95-98; Southwestern pottery, 81-83; textile, 76-79, 90, 91, 93-94; on urns, from Chile, 267
Diaguite, 266
Dialects, language, defined, 281
Diffusion, in art, 84; Aztec traits of culture, 229; cane baskets, 77; cotton complex, 49; culture traits in the Amazon, 241; grass dance, 346-348; historical examples of, 343; horse-complex in the New World, 346; horse and horse culture, 235; house-building art, 104; maize complex, 27; material complexes in the New World, 346; methods of reckoning time, 131; in mythology, 197; wide, New World culture complexes, 364; Old World traits of culture, 357; Plains Indian societies, 278; similar associated culture complexes, 351; skin clothing in North America, 277; theory, 342, 343; trait-complexes, 348; white-man god idea, 198-199
Digging-stick, Plateau area, 209
Digging tools, 25
Disease, ceremony for driving out, 182
Divorce, regulation of, 177
Dog, culture, 34, 346; eaten by Nootka Cannibal society, 190; first appearance in Paleolithic Europe, 32; food, 39; hair as a textile fiber, 45; packing, distribution, 35; similarity of term for, 293; traction, 346; traction, intrusive in the New World, 35-37; transportation by, 34; use of in the New World, 32-34
Doors, New World houses, 100
Drawing, 137
Drums, varieties and distribution, 147
Dyeing, New World, 358
Earthworks, 113
Ecuador, archæological characterization of, 265
Economic areas, 206
Education, Aztec, 229
Elevation, distribution of certain linguistic stocks, coincident with, 237; range of, in which New World cultures expanded, 335-336
Emerald mines, worked in Colombia, 265
Emetics, taken as a means of purification, 200
Environment, Chibcha area, 230; factor in change of cephalic index, 304; influence of, 337-341; similarity of bison and guanaco area, 38
Eskimo, 29, 34, 35, 37, 43, 44, 50, 51, 52, 54, 61, 67, 70, 74, 87, 88, 89, 108, 111, 112, 116, 118, 119, 120, 121, 123, 127, 129, 132, 133, 137, 143, 159, 167, 173, 175, 176, 177, 188, 189, 200, 201, 254, 260, 277, 299, 300, 319, 320, 323, 326; area, characterization of culture, 215-217; bodily proportions of, 310; characterized as to food, 9; distinct type of culture, language, and somatic type, 333, 334; groups of, 215; migrations, 15, 335; possible historical relation with Algonkin, 122
Etowah mound, 252
Exogamic groups, North Pacific Coast tribes, 214
Exogamous regulations, connected with dual divisions, 159
Expansion, of mankind, extremes of,
Explanatory element, in mythology,
Eye Juggler, distribution of story, 196
Family group, has title to lands among Inca and Nahua, 173; importance of in communistic government, 149; importance of in government of Mexico, 150; independent of the band, 154
Fasting, to obtain spiritual manifestation, 192
Father-in-law taboo, 161
Fauna, influence of on culture traits,
Feather mosaics, Aztec, 229
Federations, of tribal groups, 151
Fertilization, artificial, range of, 27
Fiber, textile, classes of, 45; twisting, methods of, 46, 47; twisting, universal distribution of, 46, 56; twisting, without a spindle, Déné, 218
Finger weaving, 56
Fire, invention of, 129; renewal of, associated with agriculture, 200; shamanistic handling of, 188-189; universal use of, 46
Fish, fertilizer for maize, 27; methods of taking, 19; nets, distribution of use, 50; taboo against in bison area, 11; taboo against among Pueblo tribes, 21
Fishing, absence of in the Plains, 206; appliances for, Eskimo and Indians, 10; in Peru, 22; sea, in salmon area, 15
Flageolets, 147
Flint workings, aboriginal, 123
Flora, influence on culture traits, 337
Flutes, 147
"Flying goose" design, distribution of, 96
Folklore, in America, content of, 194
Food, Amazon tribes, 237; animals domesticated for, 39; areas, 7-31; areas, general lines of culture grouping laid down by, 337; California area, 212; dogs as, 39-41; Eastern Woodland area, 221; Eskimo area, 215; guanaco area, 233; lack of specialization in interior Amazon, 23; processes of preparation, 338; Northern California, 213; Northern Shoshonean tribes, 210-211; North Pacific Coast area, 213, 215; Plains area, 206; Plateau area, 209; Pueblo Indians, 224-225; Southeastern area, 223; Southwest area, 226; southwestern Déné group, 218; specialization in, a universal tendency, 7; specialization in, 338
Footrace, ceremonial, 183
Forests, distribution of, in South America, 238
Four, sacred number in New World, 201
Fruits, early introduction of European, 41
Gauge, mesh, distribution of, 50
Geometric, art, 79; art, bison area, 82; art, produced by women, 94; art, Pueblo pottery, 81-82; character, of New World designs, 76; designs, in bison area made by women, 82; designs, 86-87
Ghost dance religion, 343
Gifts, formal presentation of, 175
Glazed pottery, distribution of, 257
Glottal stops, peculiarity in American speech, 287
God systems, 198
Gods, Mexican, 182
Gold work, Aztec, 229; Chibcha, 230; in Ecuador, 265; high development of by Cañarian, 232; in Inca area, 232; Maya, 228; in the New World, 126; in Panama, 263
Gouge, 118
Government, compact, coincident with clan-gens organization, 157; Gulf states, 170; higher cultures in the New World, 149; Inca system, 149, 162; predominance of independent tribal, 151; Pueblo, 151; system of the Siouan, 169
Grave Creek mound, 252
Groundplan, Casas Grandes, 258; characteristic, of New World architecture, 100; Peruvian house group, 104
Group marriage, 176
Grouped clans, 158
Guanaco area, 8, 12, 129; changes inaugurated by Spanish colonization, 12; culture characterization of, 232-235
Guatovita, sacrificial shrine, 182
Habitations, intermediate Plains tribes, 351; prevailing, Maya and Nahua area, 104; Plains area, 206; United States and Canada, types and distribution, 108-112
Hair, basis of classification of man, 298; buffalo, spinning of, 45, 49; form, Asia and America, 319; goat and dog, as textile fiber, 45; grouping of New World people by, 312; New World man, 309, 310, 311, 353; straight black, universal in the New world, 298, 299
Hako pipe ritual, Pawnee, 345
Hammer, grooved, North Pacific Coast, 119
Hammerstone, pitted, 120
Headdresses, feather, bison area, 61
Head, breadth of, 301; flattening, practised among the Maya, 136; form of, 309; form, Asia and America, 319; form, homogeneity in, 304-306; form, New World, 301-307; form, South America, 325-326; height of, 306-307; length of, 305, 306; measurements, geographical grouping of, 321
Heating, universal method of in America, 112
Heavenly bodies, in myths, 195
Hemlock bark, made into bread-like food, 15
Heyoka cult, 189
Hierarchy, priestly in region of high cultures, 180; supernatural, complexity of Maya and Aztec, 183; supernatural, of the Pueblo, 183
Historical, chronologies, New World, 271-272; conception of culture, 352-254; connection, North Pacific Coast area with Columbia Basin, 260; connection, types of glazed pottery, 257; types of Pueblo houses, 257; data, Nahua culture, 227
History, Aztec, 272; of man, Old World, 275; Inca, 271; Maya, 271; Mexico, Peru, and Yucatan, chronologies based upon, 270
Hokan, in California, 292; linguistic stocks grouped under, 285, 369; proposed name for combined stocks, 372
Hopewell mound culture, 253
Horned serpent concept, wide distribution of, 199
Horse, complex, taken over as a whole by New World natives, 346; cultivator, first in England, 25; culture, 37; culture, acquired in the New World, 37-38; culture, differences between North and South America, 38; culture, guanaco area, 132, 234; culture, New World, 345-346; culture, Spanish, 343
House of the Nuns, groundplan of, 102
Houses, adobe and stone, 104; Amazon tribes, 239; California area, 212; Chibcha area, 230; Déné area, 219; earth-covered, 112; Eastern Woodland area, 221; Eskimo, 111-112, 215-216; guanaco area, 234; nomadic tribes, 226; Northern California, 213; North Pacific Coast, 213, 215; Plateau area, 209, 210; Pueblo area, 224, 257-258; Southeastern area, 223; southwestern Déné, 218; stone, distribution of, 112; totem pole, North Pacific Coast, 110; types and distribution, northern South America, 106-107; types and distribution, 108-112; underground, 111
Hunting areas, 8-14; interior Amazon Basin, 23; methods of, 10, 11, 217, 221; Inca, 22; Pueblo area, 225; Southeastern area, 223
Ice, time allowed since last retreat of, in the New World, 317
Ideals, for the young in the New World, 178
Immigrant populations, in the United States, rapid change in cephalic index, 303
Immigration, American natives, northwestern route, 311
Implements, copper, Great Lakes area, 253-254; stone and bone, Columbia Basin, 259; stone, chronological series of, 115; types of, Ecuador, 265; types of, Patagonia, 268; types of, Venezuela, 265
Inca, 92, 100, 104, 106, 113, 121, 131, 137, 141, 149, 150, 157, 162, 173, 174, 175, 181, 183, 185, 187, 190, 198, 200, 201, 228, 232, 243, 266, 271, 272; area, characterization of culture, 231-232; controlled Ecuador at Spanish Conquest, 21; food, 22
Incense burning, universal distribution, 200
Incised designs, 85
Incising, of pottery, 75
Individuality, cultural, coincident with political unity, 342
Infants, exposing of, 177
Inscriptions, dated, of the Maya, 270
Insignia, feather, bison area, 61
Instability of residence, correlated with use of wild foods, 15
Interglacial period, marks arrival of man in the New World, 317
Invention, independent, age-graded societies, 163, 350; independent, blowgun, 132; independent, pellet-shooting bow, 133; independent, roller printing, 265; independent, theory of, 343; independent, use of zero, 130
Iroquoian, area, archæological characterization of, 250-252; stock, 285, 291; stock, linguistic and tribal grouping, 372; tribes, 222
Iroquois, 18, 23, 35, 48, 71, 108, 113, 127, 132, 152, 158, 159, 163, 170, 176, 220, 241, 247, 274, 331; league of the, 151; migrations of, 335
Irrigation, Chibcha area, 230; Inca area, 232; limits of, 28; Southwest area, 226; systems, Peru and Mexico, 106
Jaguar, belief in power of, 200
Jesako cult, Central Algonkin, 189
Joking-relationship, 162
Judicial systems, 166-173; Araucanian, 167; Déné, 168; Hudson Bay Eskimo, 168; Maya, 167; Mexico and Peru, 171; Nahua, 166-167; Peru, 166
Kayak, Eskimo, 43
Kia, 39
La Brea, skeleton found in asphalt bed, 325
Ladder of arrows, distribution of story, 196
Language, classification of, 282; correlation with culture, 331-333; distribution may be independent of culture, 332; groups in California, 332; independence of New World, 361; stability of, among immigrant groups, 340
Languages, California, 287, 290, 291, 292, 334; classified according to internal structure of the word, 290; differentiation of, after cultural pattern, 334; geographical types, 285; grouping, coincident with cultural characters, 332-333; intergradation of, 280-281; manner of recording by field-workers, 286; similarity within a culture area, 333
Lansing Man, 323
Lasso, 38
Leiotrichi, found in Asian-American group, 312
Linguistics, correlation with culture, 331-333; general relations with culture and somatology, 334; investigations in, 283
Linguistic, diversity in regions of higher culture, 295; investigation, chief result, 294; stock, conception, and meaning, 283; stocks, Amazon area, 235-237; stocks, California, comparative morphology, 290; stocks, California morphological groups, 292; stocks, California, proposed consolidation of, 293; stocks, distribution of, 294-297; stocks, extinct, 286; stocks, Inca area, 231; stocks, geographical grouping of, 285; stocks, groupingof, 291, 332; stocks, Mexico and Central America, 284, 285, 378-381; stocks, new grouping of, 283-285; stocks, New World distribution, 294; stocks, North Pacific Coast, morphology of, 291; stocks, number of, 286; stocks, South America, 237, 288, 289, 381-385; stocks, United States and Canada, 282, 369-378
Linked clans, 158
Magic Flight, distribution of story, 196
Maize, area of intense cultivation, 19, 56, 59; areas, 35; areas, lack of correspondence between historic cultures and archæology, 340; ceremonies, 183, 184; complex, taken over as a whole by English colonists, 346; complex, processes necessary to production, 350-351; culture, aboriginal characteristics of, 25-28; culture, close agreement with distribution of pottery, 69; culture, concepts associated with, 174; culture, Old World, adapted to cereal complex, 346; culture, uniformity of, 27; distribution of, 24, 69, 338; foods made from, 18-19; history paralleled by history of higher cultures, 23; local adaptation of, 27-28; Indian methods of cultivation used by white farmers, 2; most important aboriginal agricultural product, 23; origin of, 27; Pueblo method of raising, 25; unity of New World complex, 49
Maguey, southern extension of use, 46
Males, classification of, 162
Mammoth, contemporaneity with man not established for North America,
Mammoth Cave, 276
Manabi, archæology of, 265
Mandan-Hidatsa, pottery, 70
Manioc, area, 8, 56, 60, 69; Amazon area, 338; chief food, Amazon Basin, 22; distribution of, 24; preparation for use, 28
Mankind, classes recognized, 313; distribution over the earth, 314-316; general lines of dispersion for, 318; general relation of Indian to, 310-319; systems of classification of, 311-314
Maple sugar, manufacture of, 18
Marriage, ceremonies, 176; forms of, 176; mother-in-law taboo correlate of certain forms of, 161; regulations, 175-177; restrictions of, 155, 158, 163
Masked ritualistic ceremony, 182
Maté, 22
Material culture, Antilles, 242; Araucanians, 235; Arawak, 239-240; California area, 212; Chibcha area, 230-231; Déné, 219; Eastern Woodland area, 220; Eskimo area, 215; Fuegians, 235; guanaco area, 234; Lacandones, 228; Mackenzie area, 217; Plains area, 206-208; Plateau area, 209-210; Southeastern area, 223; southwestern Déné, 218; Tupi, 240; typical Eastern Woodland tribes, 221-222; typical Eskimo, 216; Witto and Boro, 237-239
Maya, 21, 27, 32, 90, 100, 103, 104, 105, 113, 129, 130, 131, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140, 145, 157, 167, 178, 181, 182, 183, 187, 190, 191, 198, 200, 227, 229, 230, 243, 261, 270, 271, 272, 274, 329, 356, 363; culture, New World origin of, 361
Medicineman, defined, 187
Midé ritual, 184
Midéwiwin, 221
Migrations, 334-337, 339; Amazon tribes, 241; myths recounting, 196; tendency to move within a culture area, 339; seasonal in accordance with food needs, 15-16
Military rule, in Mexican government,
Milk, Indian prejudice against, 39
Minerals, mined in the New World, 123
Mongolian, affinities of New World man with, 310; peoples, most striking facial characters, 299; physical characters, found in Andean region, 301
Mongoloid, affinity, of New World peoples, 361; character of nose in the New World, 299; peoples, hair of, 298
Mosaics, feather, Peru, 61
Mounds, building on to secure elevation, 100; burial, South Atlantic area, 248; in Colombia, 264; Mississippi-Ohio area, 252, 253; pyramidal, distribution of, 102; shell, California, 259; Venezuela, 265
Mourning, Charrua, 235
Mythology, 145, 177, 194-203; Amazon area, 239; California area, 212; Northern California area, 213; Eastern Woodland area, 221; probable means of transmitting culture traits, 358-359; Pueblo area, 225; symbolism in, 180; trickster type, Plateau area, 210
Na-dene, proposed term for grouped North Pacific Coast languages, 291
Nahua, 21, 100, 103, 104, 106, 110, 131, 134, 149, 157, 167, 173, 174, 175, 178, 181, 187, 190, 191, 196, 198, 201, 243, 261, 271; area, characterization of culture, 227-229
Napiwa, Blackfoot god, 198
Navajo, 41, 52, 81, 97, 109, 111, 142, 143, 151, 160, 170, 188, 189, 226, 320; blankets, 77; weaving, 60
Nebraska Loess Man, 323
Nephrite, manner of working, 116-117; used in North Pacific Coast, 214; used in Thompson River region, 260
Nets, antiquity of use, 50; birds taken in, 22; for fishing, 49-50; recent introduction among Eskimo, 50
Nomenclature, system of, New World languages, 281
North Pacific Coast area, 43, 87, 113, 119, 120, 127, 175, 190, 196, 199, 210, 289, 338; archæological characterization of, 260; characterization of culture, 213-215
Nuts and seeds, wild, area of, defined, 7
Objective characters of man, most definitive, 312
Offerings, at shrines, 225
Ollantaitambo, 113
Ollantay, an Inca play, 139
Orbital index, distribution table, 308
Orbits, symmetrical distribution, 307
Ordeals, in the New World, 173
Organization, political, Inca and Mexican, 90, 149-150; simple tribal, nomadic tribes, 151; tribal, bands fundamental units in, 154
Origin, age-grading systems in America, 359-360; art, theories of, 95; Asiatic, New World man, 355; Chilkat blanket, 89; culture centers, due to ethnic factors, 339; culture, theories of, 342-354; culture traits, 278; defensive armor, 131; double-curve art, 87; independent, age-societies in the Plains, 163; independent, designs, Plains and California, 84; language a reliable index to, 361; linguistic stocks, 291-292; New World peoples, 4, 298; New World totemic complex, 164; Plains art, 82-84; rituals, 192; single place of, fundamental Old World traits, 357; single, of culture traits having continuous distribution, 343; Siouan stock, 296; southern, of Iroquoian culture, 220; unity of, culture and somatic types, 337; verse in song,
Pachacamac, 273
Packing, methods of, 39
Paddles, 43
Palisades, distribution of, 112
Pan-pipe, 147
Paper, in Mexico and Central America, 130
Patagonia, archæological characterization of, 268
"Pepper-pot," characteristic dish of the Amazon area, 23
Persimmon, bread made of, 18
Personal property, 174
Pestle, stone, distribution of, 120
Peyote cult, 343
Phonetic, analysis, of language, by mechanical methods, 287; uniformity found in California languages, 287
Phonetics, characteristic of American languages, 287; comparative, 286-289; geographical types of, 287
Phratry, defined, 158
Picture writing, 129
Pile-villages, South Atlantic area, 250
Piman stock, consolidated with Shoshonean-Nahuatlan stock, 285, 369; linguistic and tribal grouping, 374
Pipe ritual, ceremonial, 184
Pipes, 72; clay, South Atlantic area, 249; distribution and form of, 30; elbow, distribution of, 29; Eskimo area, 216; pottery, Iroquois area, 251; South Atlantic area, 250; stone, form and distribution, 120-121
Pit-houses, in Great Lakes area, 254
Pits, house, 112
Plains area, 119, 131, 132, 226, 233-234, 359; archæological characterization of, 254-256; area, characterization of culture, 206-209; probably a distinct type of prehistoric culture, 256; traits, in Plateau area, 209, 210
Plant-growing trick, 189
Plants, Central American, taken over and cultivated by Europeans, 21; cultivated before 1492, 20; peculiar to the New World, 357-358; wild, used in eastern maize area, 18
Platinum, in the New World, 126
Platycnemia, flattening of, 300
Plumed serpent concept, wide distribution of, 199
Plural marriage, 176
Poetical merit, in aboriginal rituals, 198
Poetry, aboriginal, 140
Political, organization, Aztec, 229; close uniformity of speech a correlate of, 280; conducive to standardization of culture, 242; Iroquois tribes, 222; in regions of higher culture, 180; system, Araucans, 167; solidarity, coincident with clan-gens organization, 157; unity, coincident with cultural individuality, 342
Populations, culture centers, stability of, 340; movements of, 334-335; native, density of, 4; regions of lower culture, 295; shifts in, 331; total of Indians, United States and Canada, 369
Popul Vuh manuscript, 273
Portrait jars, 75
Pottery, Algonkin, 79; Central American, 73; Chile, 266, 267; Chiriqui, 75; close agreement with diffusion of maize, 69; Colombia, 264; complex, total of processes of making, 351; decorations on, 76, 77, 81, 97; diffusion of, 67, 69; distribution of, 67-69, 92; Eastern Woodland area, 221; Ecuador, 265; Eskimo, 216; forms, 73; intense culture area, 91; intensive pursuit of the art in the South, 69; Inca, 232; Iroquoian, 250-251; Iroquoian, South Atlantic area, 247; lower Mississippi, 70, 75; means of establishing chronologies, 273, 274, 278-279; Mississippi-Ohio area, 252; Mexican, 72; mortuary, 250; North Atlantic and Upper Mississippi types, 71; not dependent on environmental surroundings, 338; painted, in Brazil, 92; Patagonia, 268; Peruvian, 74, 92; processes of manufacture, 69; Pueblo area, 224, 225, 257; South Atlantic type, 70, 248, 249, 250; Southeastern area, 89, 223; Southwestern United States 72, 338: state of Oaxaca, 261; tripod from Panama, 263
Power, supernatural, Dakota and Menomini concept for origin of, 344; shamanistic, source of, 188, 191
Presents, conventional exchange of at marriage, 176
Priest, Amazon area, 188; compared to shaman, 191, 201; priesthood, 190; priesthood, organized, Aztec area, 229; priestly organizations, among the Hopi, 183
Pueblo area, 35, 41, 52, 60, 61, 69, 81, 97, 104, 108, 109, 112, 113, 119, 124, 127, 131, 132, 150, 157, 158, 170, 176, 178, 184, 186, 189, 190, 200, 229, 266, 274, 275; area, archæological classification of, 256-258; culture, extension into Mexico, 227; culture, resemblance of Casas Grandes to, 261; influence on culture of nomadic tribes of the Southwest, 226, 227
Pueblo Bonito, reconstruction of, 107
Pulverizing, dried flesh and vegetables, salmon area, 15
Purification, for sacred offices, methods of, 200
Quinoa, 23
Quipu, 130
Quirigua, 135
Quito, archæology of, 265
Rabbit, as culture hero, 199
Rabbitskin blankets, Déné, 218; distribution of, 58-59; Northern Shoshonean tribes, 211; Plateau area, 210
Rabbitstick, Pueblo area, 225
Rain ceremony, Sia, 225
Rattle, calabash, distribution, 147
Realistic, art, New World, 98; art, produced by men, 94; art, rarity of, 76; carving, 88; carving, in architectural decoration, 92; designs, bison area, 82; designs, caribou and eastern maize area, 84; designs, North Pacific Coast, 89; designs, Peruvian textiles, 92; designs, pottery, 82; origin of art, theory, 95
Religion, Chibcha, Maya, and Nahua, 181; Maya, Nahua, and Inca, 131; New World, source of, 191; and ritualism, 192
Religious, conceptions, and mythology, 198-202; culture, Pueblo Indians, 183; culture, Siberia, 190; system, Aztec, 229; system, in Peru, 180-181
Rhea, economic importance of, 12
Rhythm, in aboriginal music, 146
Rice, wild, as food, 18
Rio Grande Pueblos, 224
Ritualism, 180-185; Aztec, 229; Eastern Woodland area, 221; high development of, coincident with distinction between priest and shaman, 188; importance of music in study of, 147-148; maximum development among Maya, 190; personal relation in, 191-193; Pueblo area, 225; Southeastern area, 223; Southwestern area, 226
Ritualistic, observances, 180-192; performance, California, 184; plays, North Pacific Coast, 184; procedures, Pueblo, 183; system, North Pacific Coast area, 214
Rituals, agricultural, 182; distinct forms of, 344; dramatic and poetical merit of, 198; grass dance, 348; Pacific Coast, 184; Plains area, 345; transfer of, 345
Road-building, Mexico and Peru, 106
Rolling rock, distribution of story, 196
Roofs, Nahua and Peruvian buildings,
Rope-tying trick, distribution of, 188
Row-lock, used by Eskimo, 43
Ruins, ancient Maya cities, 261, 262; historical relation of, 101-102; most impressive in the New World, 227; Pueblo area, groups of, 256
Sacrifices, animals and inanimate objects, 181; to gods of the Peruvians, 181; great number of Aztec, 229; human, 190-191; human, Maya and Nahua, 181; human, Pawnee and Pueblo, 183; Inca area, 232
Sacsahuaman, 113
Sandal, a correlative of textile clothing, 64
Sails, use of, 43
Salt, manufactured and traded, Colombia, 21
Santa Rosa Xlabpak, restoration and groundplan, 103
Scales, in aboriginal music, 146
Schools, for children, 178
Seats, stone, 121
Shaman, distinguished from medicineman, 187-190; distinguished from priest, 201; relation to judicial system, 171-172
Shamanism, 187-191; Amazon area, 239; California area, 212; Déné area, 218; Eastern Woodland area, 222; guanaco area, 235; Siberia, 190; Southeastern area, 224
Shell-heaps, North Atlantic area, 245, 248; no true stratification found in, 275; South Atlantic area, 248, 250; stratification claimed for, 274, 275
Shoshonean, culture, 212; stock, 285, 295, 335; stock, combined with Nahuatl, 285, 369; stock, linguistic and tribal grouping, 375-376
Shuttle, netting, distribution of, 50
Sinew, used in making skin clothing, 46
Sinkers, notched pebbles used as, 50
Sins, confession of, 201
Skin, clothing, tailored, 61-63; dressing, Plateau area, 210; dressing, Southeastern area, 223; designs painted on, 85; painting on, 86
"Skin Shifter," distribution of story, 196
Slips, for coloring pottery, 71
Smelting, of metals, 125
"Snaring the Sun," distribution of story, 196
Snowhouse, distribution of, 112
Snuff taking, distribution of, 29
Soapstone, vessels of, 74
Social control, 166
Social organization, 153-154; Amazon area, 239; California area, 212; Chibcha area, 230; Déné area, 218, 219; Eastern Woodland area, 221; guanaco area, 235; Inca area, 232; Northern California, 213; Plains, 208; Pueblo area, 225; similarity of Mexico and Peru, 167; Southeastern area, 224
Society, evolution of, 164
Somatic, areas, 322-323, 324; characters, grouping by, 320-323; characters, group resemblances in, 320; characters, summary of, 309-310; characters, unity of New World peoples, 326, 361; classification, 298-326; correlations, 333; grouping, roughly coincident with culture grouping, 320-322; homogeneity, in the New World, 308; type, California, 334; type, tendency to conform to environment, 340; units, primary inbreeding local social groups, 320; unity, in each culture area, 333
Somatologies, differentiation of, after cultural pattern, 334
Somatology, general relations with linguistics and culture, 334
Southeastern area, 89, 338; culture characterization of, 222-224; northern traces of culture, 335-336
Speech, American, peculiarities of, 287; chiefly agglutinative in the New World, 290; identity of, coincident with political and cultural unity, 332; reasons for individuality in the New World, 280; survives longer than other culture traits, 286
Spinning, 46-49; cotton, 49; methods and distribution, 47-49; with a spindle, 59; without a spindle, 58
Stamps, of pottery, for printing cloth,
State of Oaxaca, archæological characterization of, 261
Stock, language, determination of in the New World, 281; language, distribution in more than one culture area, 332, 333; linguistic, defined, 281
Stocks, linguistic, consolidation of, 369; similarities in California, 332; most widely distributed, 294; unity of, within culture areas, 333; United States and Canada, number of, 281
Stone, boiling, 54, 209, 213, 219; carving, 134, 259; implements, Mississippi-Ohio area, 252; implements, Great Lakes area, 254; implements, types of, Iroquoian area, 250, 251; implements, types of, North Atlantic area, 247, 248; implements, South Atlantic area, 249; implements, Plains area, 254, 255; objects, problematical, 121; objects, total distribution of, 122; quarrying, 123; vessels, Plains area, 256; work in, 115-123; work in, Aztec area, 229; work in, Eastern Woodland area, 223; work, periods of, in Europe, 115
Stone-Boy, story of, 197
Stratification, chronologies determined by, 273-275; of cultures, Iroquois area, 331; of pottery remains, 273-274; in rock-shelters, North Atlantic area, 248
Stringed instruments, absence in the New World before discovery, 147
Sun, ceremony, in Peru, 182; dance, 184, 201, 208; offerings to, 191; in religious system of Peru, 180
Sweat house, distribution of use, 200
Sword-swallowing trick, distribution,
Symbolism, 95-98; in mythology and ritualism, 180; Pueblo pottery designs, 81; strong development in the Southwest area, 98
Synthetic work, importance in development of anthropology, 327
Tablets, bark, containing midé ritual, 184
Taboo, against fish, bison area, 11; against fish, Pueblo tribes, 21; mother-in-law, distribution, 161-162
Tatting, found in cotton-using area, 50
Teeth, size of, 309
Tempering materials, for pottery, 71
Temple of the Cross, cross-section of, 101
Terraces, use of, in Peru, 103
Test theme, in mythology, 195
Textile, art, importance of at time of Spanish conquest, 59; arts, 45-66; designs, 76-79; development, eastern maize area, 60; development, Gulf States, 89
Textiles, cliff-house, 60, 81; Inca, 92; Maya, 90; Mexican, 91; North Pacific Coast, 88; Peruvian, 90, 91; poor development in caribou and eastern maize area, 87; specialization in the Southwest, 338
Thatched structures, distribution and varieties, 106
Thunderbird, concept, wide distribution of, 199
Tibia, flattening of, 300
Time, methods of reckoning, 131; perspective, dated stelae, most important aids to, 261; relations for culture, methods of determining, 276-278; relations for culture, established by studies of language and culture, 293; relations and cultural associations, 326; relations, pottery and maize, 69
Tipi, construction and types, 109-110; used by intermediate Plains tribes, 351; in the Mackenzie area, 219; used by nomadic tribes of the Southwest, 226
Tipiti, basketry press for cassava, 28
Title to lands, held by family group,
Tobacco, aboriginal forms of taking, 29; burning, as a means of purification, 200; chewing, distribution of, 29, 30; cultivation of, 18; distribution of, 28, 30
Tombs, cross-shaped at Mitla, 261
Topography, guanaco area, 232-233; Inca area, 231; Plateau area, 209; type of, in which New World cultures expanded, 33S-336
Tortillas, 21
Totem-pole house, structure and distribution, 110
Totems, 163
Tragedies, Inca, 137
Trait-complexes, no direct conventional relations between those constituting a culture, 352; social, association between, 351
Traits, borrowed, among Déné, 219; identity of, among groups of aborigines, 342; independently developed in the New World, 364
Transport, animal, distribution of, 33
Transportation, California area, 212; Chibcha area, 230; Déné, 218; by dogs, distribution of, 33; dog and travois, 206; Eastern Woodland area, 221; Inca area, 232; methods of, 39-44; methods of, in Mexico and Pueblo area, 35; Northern Shoshonean tribes, 211; North Pacific Coast area, 213; Plateau area, 209
Trial, form of among Ojibway and Micmac, 167; idea of, found in regions of intense culture, 172; Iroquois, 170
Tribal groups, Chibcha area, 229-230; Eastern Woodland area, 220; Inca area, 231; intermediate in culture, California, 212-213; Mackenzie area, 217; Maya, 227; nomadic peoples of the Southwest, 226; Plains area, 206, 207, 208; Southeastern area, 222; Southwestern area, 224, 226
Tribes, historic, 206
Tribute, brought to Mexico City, 39
Tubular pipe, distribution, 120
Tuckahoe, bread made from, 18
Turtles, great, at Quirigua, 135
Twins, story of, 197
Uaupés, 182
Ulotrichi, found in Australian-African group, 312
Unfaithful wife, distribution of story, 196
Vaginal teeth, distribution of story, 196
Variability, of head form, 303
Vegetable, foods, salmon area, 15; southeastern area, 223; southwestern Déné, 218; products, secondary dependence on in various areas 12–14
Venezuela, highland populations exterminated by the Spaniards, 21
Ventriloquism, in Amazon area, 189
Venus, important god of the Aztec and Maya, 83
Vihuk, Cheyenne god, 198
Villages, fairly permanent, salmon area tribes, 15
Vocabularies, classification of linguistic stocks, based on, 281
Wabano cult, Central Algonkin, 189
Walum Olum, Delaware, 273
Wampum, belts woven of, 85
Warfare, 4
Weaving, cedarbark, 58; Chonoans, 235; Déné region, 86; distribution of, 57; Eastern Woodland area, 221, 338; Huichol, 90; high development among the Maya, 227; Inca area, 232; Maya, 90; modern Mexican, 91; Navajo, 77, 81; New World, 358; North Pacific Coast area, 214; Northern Shoshonean tribes, 211; Ojibway, 55; Pueblo area, 224; sage-brush bark, 58; Southeastern area, 223, 338; technical limitations of, 92; technique, influence on design, 77, 79; types of in the New World, 56; wild goat wool, 58
Wickerwork basketry, 52
Wild plants, as food in Pueblo area, 21
Wild rice culture, Eastern Woodland area, 221
Windows, rarity of in New World houses, 100
"Woman who went to the Sky," distribution of story, 196
Word distribution, New World languages, problem in, 293
World quarters, four, 201
Yakima Valley, intermediate culture in Columbia Basin, 260
Yokes, stone, Mexico, 121
Yuman peoples, 212; stock, grouped under Hokan, 285, 369; stock, 381; stock, linguistic and tribal grouping, 378
Zero, discovery and use in mathematics by the Maya, 130
Zume, Tupi god, 199