Africa by Élisée Reclus/Volume 3

by Élisée Reclus

 

 

 

CONTENTS.

 

 

chap.			page
I.	The Central and South Atlantic		1
		The Fabled Atlantis, p. 1. Relief of the Atlantic, p 2. The Azorian Waters, p. 4 Atmospheric Currents of the Azorian Basin, p. 10. Marine Currents, p. 12. Fauna, the Sargasso Sea, p. 14. The Guinea Waters, p. 15. Atmospheric Currents, Rainfall. Salinity, p. 19. Temperature, Fauna, p. 21.
II.	The West African Islands		23
		The Azores, p. 23. Climate, p. 25. Flora, p. 26. Fauna, Inhabitants, p. 29. Topography, p. 33. Madeira, p. 43. Climate, p. 47. Flora, p. 48. Fauna, Inhabitants, Pp. The Canary Archipelago, p. 54. Climate, p. 68. Flora, Fauna, Inhabitants, p. 5961. Topography, 63. Administration, p. 81. The Cape Verd Archipelago, p. 82. Climate, Flora, Fauna, p. 84 — 85. Inhabitants, p. 86. Topography, p.88. Administration, p. 94.
III.	The South-West African Islands		96
		112. Fernando-Po, p. 113.
IV.	North Senegambia: Senegal		119
		General Survey, p. 119. Progress of Discovery, p. 120. The Futa-Jallon Highlands, Pp. 123. The Senegambian Seaboard, p. 124. Political and Social Relations, p. 126. Senegal Basin, p. 128. The Senegal Delta, p. 182. Climate, Flora, Fauna, p 134 — 137. Inhabitants, p. 138. Trade, Agriculture, Mineral Resources, p. 161 — 153. Topography, p. 157. Administration, p. 167.
V.	South Senegambia		171
		Gambia, p.171. Flora, Fauna, Inhabitants, p. 173-174. Topography, p. 176. Administration, p. 178. Casdmanza Basin, p. 178. Portuguese Possessions, p. 182. The Rio Grande and Bissagos Archipelago, p. 184. The South Senegambian Rivers, p. 190. The Los Island, p. 192. Sierra-Leone, p 197. Climate, p. 200. Inhabitants, p. 203. Topography, Administration, p. 210 — 211.
VI.	Upper Guinea		212
		Liberia, p. 212. Climate, Flora, Fauna, p. 215-218 Inhabitants, p. 218. Topography, Administration, p. 223-227. Ivory Coast, p. 229. Climate, Flora, Fauna, p 231. Inhabitants, p. 233. The Gold Coast and Volta Basin, p. 235. Climate, Flora, Fauna, p. 239 — 240. Inhabitants, p. 240. Topography, p. 247. Agriculture, Industries, Trade, p 255. The Slave Coast, p. 266. Inhabitants, p. 260. Togo, p 265. Popo, p es Dahomey, p. 267. Porto-Novo, p. 269. Badagry and Lagos, p. 270. Yoruba, p. 272.
VII.	The Niger Basin		275
		General Survey, p. 275 Progress of Discovery, p. 276. The Upper and Middle Niger, p-281. The Benue, p 284. The Niger Delta, p. 287. The Upper Niger States, p. 288, Inhnbitants, p. 291. Topography, p. 292. The Middle Niger States, p. 299. Topography, Timbuktu, p. 302. Haussa Land, p 306. Inhabitants, p. 309. Topography, p. 313. Administration, p. 323. The Benue and Lower Niger States, p. 324. Topography, p. 332. Bonny and Calabar, p. 338.
VIII.	The Tsad Basin		342
		General Survey, p. 342. Lake Tsad, p. 344. Climate, Flora, Fauna, p. 349. Wadai p. 352. Topography and Administration, p. 353. Kanem, p 364. Bornu, p. Inhabitants, p. 358. Topography, p. 361. Administration, p. 364. Baghirmi, p. 365. Administration and Topography, p. 367.
IX.	The Cameroons		369
		General Survey, p. 369. Rivers, p. 373. Climate, Flora, Fanna, p. 374. Inhabitants, p. 875. Topography, p. 380.
X.	The Gabon and Ogoway Basins.		384
		Spanish, French, and Portuguese Possessions, p. $84. Physical Features, Rivers, p. 386. Climate, Flora, Fauna, p. 391 — 392. Inhabitants, p. 304. Topography, p. 402.
XI.	The Congo Basin.		411
		General Survey, p. 411. The Tchambesi and Lake Bangweolo, p. 416. Lake Moero, p. 419. Kamolondo Basin, p. 419. Lake Tanganyika and the Upper Congo, p. 420. Climate, Flora, Fauna, p. 436 — 437. Inhabitants, p. 439. The Congo Free State, p. 443. Lua-Pula and Lua-Laba Basins, p. 444. Kissinga, and the Muata Kazembe's Kingdom, p. 446, The Msiri's Kingdom, Garangaja, p. 448. The Rua Kingdom, p. 449. Tanganyika and Muta N'zige States, p. 431. The Middle Congo, p. 460. The Welle Basin, Monbuttu, and Niam-Niam Territories, p. 465. The French Congo, p. 474. The Kassai Basin, p. 481. The Kwango Basin, p. 492. The Lower Congo, p. 495.
	Statistical Tables		503
	Index		505

 

 

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

 

 

MAPS PRINTED IN COLOURS.

page		page
1. The Canary Islands	56	4. Cameroons Mountains and Bight of Biafra	368
2. The Lower Senegal	128	5. The Gaboon	384
3. The Lower Niger	320	6. The Lower Congo	496

 

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PLATES.

Women and Children of Porto-Grande	Frontispiece
Lake of the Sete Citades To face page	36
Madeira: View taken on the North Coast	44
Funchal, East View	52
General View of Porto-Grande, St. Vincent Island	90
Tristam da Cunha: View taken on the North Coast	98
Toucouleur Types: the Interpreter Alpha-Sega and his Sisters	150
Jamestown, St. Helena	104
Goree: Landing-Stage and Fort	160
Kayes Railway Station	162
Felup Types	180
Bujago Types and Termites' Nest	188
Kroomen	216
The King of Assini	232
The Bar at the Mouth of the Volta	240
Cape Coast: Seaward View	248
Porto Novo: Group of Natives	268
Young Bambaras	292
Fillani or Fulah Types To face page	298
Nupé Woman	336
Barge on the Old Calabar River	340
Group of Kanem-bu Warriors	356
The Logon-Bimi: General View	364
Palace of the Sultan of Masseña	366
The Fetish Stones of Samba, on the Ogoway	388
Mpongwe House near Libreville	394
Fan Women and Child, banks of the Ogoway	398
American Mission on the Ogoway between Njolé and Lambaréné	404
The Traveller Giraud amid the Reeds of Lake Bangweolo	418
The Yellala Falls, Lower Congo	430
View taken at Ujiji	456
Stanley Falls: Fishing at the Seventh Cataract	462
Akka Man and Woman	468
Group of Ka-Lundas	484
Stanley Pool: View taken from Brazzaville	498
General View of Boma	500

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

 

Fig.		Page
1.	Cape Sam Lourenço, Eastern Headlands of Madeira	3
2.	Depths of the Azorian Atlantic	6
3.	Fall of the Temperature in Deep Water	9
4.	Temperature of the Deep Waters on either side of the Strait of Gibraltar	10
5.	Atlantic Winds and Currents	13
6.	Depths of the South African Atlantic	16
7.	Mean Annual Direction of the Winds in the South African Atlantic	18
8.	Summer Winds in the South African Atlantic	19
9.	Currents of the South Atlantic and Lines of Icebergs	20
10.	Volcanic Axis of the Azores	24
11.	Island of San-Miquel — View taken in a Garden near Ponta-Delgada	28
12.	Women of Fatal and San-Miquel	31
13.	San-Miguel	34
14.	Val das Furnas	35
15.	Sete Cidades	36
16.	Ponta-Delgada	38
17.	Central Islands of the Archipelago	39
18.	Corvo	42
19.	Archipelago of Madeira	45
20.	Eastern Peninsula of Madeira	46
21.	Madeira — View taken from Mount Sam-Jorge	49
22.	Dracona of Icod, in Teneriffe	50
23.	Funchal and Socorridos Valley	53
24.	Teyde Peak	53
25.	General View of Santa Cruz, Teneriffe	65
26.	Recent Lavas of Lanzarote	67
27.	Cirque of Tejeda	70
28.	North-East Slope of Gran Canaria	71
29.	Las Palmas and Port of La Luz	72
30.	Peak of Teyde, Teneriffe — View taken From the Canadas of the Guanches	74
31.	Northern extremity of Teneriffe	76
32.	Gomera	77
33.	Palma	78
34.	Hierro.	80
35.	Cape Verd Islands	83
36.	Santo-Antam and Sam-Vicente	89
37.	Part of the Volcanic Plateaux in Santo-Antam	90
38.	Praia	93
39.	Tristam da Cunha	98
40.	St. Helena	102
41.	Ascension	107
42.	Sam-Thome	109
43.	Cascade of Blu-Blu, on the Ago Grande, near the Capital of Sam-Thome	110
44.	Femando-Po	115
45.	Bay of Santa-Isibel	116
46.	View on the Bakhoy Ford of Mokao Fara	122
47.	Geological Map of Senegambia	126
48.	Confluence of the Bafing and Bakhoy	129
49.	The Felu Falls	130
50.	Floods of the Senegal	132
51.	Bars of the Senegal from 1825 to 1884	133
52.	Baobab on the Kotubadinta River South-West of Bamaku	136
53.	Trarza Type	139
54.	Natural Divisions of Senegambia	140
55.	Chief Nations and Tribes of Senegambia	141
56.	Wolof Girl, Sixteen Years of Age	144
57.	Serer Youth, Twenty-One Years Old	145
58.	Distribution of the Fulahs in West Africa	146
59.	Fulah Type	152
60.	Mineral Regions of Bambuk	152
61.	Trade Routes and Projected Railways in Senegal	154
62.	The Bifoulabe Railway	156
63.	Saint-Louis in 1700	157
64.	Saint-Louis in 1880	158
65.	Gulf and Island of Arguin	159
66.	Rufisque	161
67.	Bafulabe	163
68.	Rock of Kita	164
69.	Village of Bufulabe	165
70.	Timbo and the Sources of the Bafing	166
71.	Medina — General View	168
72.	Political Divisions of French Senegambia	169
73.	Sources of the Dimma and Comba	172
74.	Bathurst and Entrance of the Gambia	176
75.	Tribes of the Casamanza	180
76.	Valley of the Tomine	183
77.	Bissagos Archipelago	185
78.	Landscape in Guine: View Taken Near Bolama	187
79.	Tribes of the Casamanza	189
80.	The Los Islands	192
81.	Rivers of the South	195
82.	Inhabitants of the Rivers of the South	196
83.	Peninsula of Sierra-Leone	199
84.	Freetown	201
85.	Territory of the Western Mandingans in Sierra-Leone	204
86.	Inhabitants of Sierra-Leone	205
87.	Freetown	208
88.	Sawpit Bay, near Freetown	209
89.	Territorities annexed to the Colony of Monrovia	213
90.	Monrovia and Cape Mensurado	214
91.	Chief Routes of Explorers in Liberia	216
92.	Territory of the Kroomen	219
93.	Inhabitants of Liberia	221
94.	Robertsport and Fisherman's Lake	222
95.	Monrovia and the Lower St. Paul River	224
96.	Grand Bassa and Mouth of the St. John	225
97.	Cape Palmas	226
98.	Cape Palmas	228
99.	Ditch of Little Bassam	229
100.	Assini	231
101.	Women of Grand Bassam	232
102.	Agni Type	234
103.	Routes of Chief Explorers North and East of Cape Coast	236
104.	The Lower Volta	238
105.	Route from Accra to Coomassi	244
106.	Gold Coast Possessions and Surrounding Districts	245
107.	Inhabitants of the Gold Coast and Surrounding Districts	246
108.	General View of Elmina	249
109.	From Accra to the Sanatorium of Abouri	251
110.	Abetifi Mountains	253
111.	Mouths of the Volta	254
112.	Shore-line East of Lagos	258
113.	Lagos — European Quarters	259
114.	Inhabitants of the Slave Coast	261
115.	A Mohammedan Yoruba Trader	263
116.	Inland Scenery, Slave Coast	264
117.	Togo District	266
118.	Dahomey and Ajuda Coast	268
119.	Lagos	270
120.	Rock of Abeokuta	273
121.	Hypotheses of the Old Geographers on the Course of the Niger	277
122.	Chief Routes of Explorers in the Niger Basin West of the Benue	278
123.	The Tembi-Kundu Hill and Source of the Niger	279
124.	Upper Niger Valley	280
125.	Backwaters South of Timbuktu	282
126.	The Burum Defiles	283
127.	The Bussa Rapids	284
128.	Confluence of the Niger and Benue	285
129.	Cofluence of the Kwara (Nlger) and Benue	286
130.	Mouths of the Nun and Brass	287
131.	Ancient Empire of the Toucouleurs	289
132.	Inhabitants of the Upper Niger	290
133.	Interior of a Bambara House	291
134.	The Dio Watershed between the Niger and Senegal	293
135.	Cascade near Bamaku	294
136.	Bamaku	295
137.	Segu	296
138.	Sansandig	297
139.	The Hombori Mountains	300
140.	Timbuktu	301
141.	El-Haj Abd-el-Kader, Envoy of Timbuktu	302
142.	The Races of West Africa	305
143.	Sokoto: View taken in the Interior	307
144.	Range of Mohammedanism in Central Africa	310
145.	A Sokoto Fulah — Brother of the Sultan	311
146.	Inhabitants of Haussa	312
147.	Katsena and Dankama	314
148.	Kano	315
149.	Plan of Sokoto and Map of Haussa, drawn by Sultan Bello	316
150.	Wurno: View taken in the Interior	317
151.	Gando and Sokoto	318
152.	Rabba	320
153.	Bida and Kaduna	321
154.	Egga	322
155.	The Upper Benue	325
156.	Mac-Iver Peak	326
157.	Chief Routes of Explorers East of the Benue	328
158.	Riverain Populations of the Benue and Lower Niger	329
159.	Languages of the Benue and Lower Niger	331
160.	Yola	333
161.	View taken in Demsa Poha	334
162.	Yakoba and Mount Saranda	335
163.	Dwellings in Nupé	336
164.	Idda	337
165.	Onitcha	338
166.	Bonny and New Calabar	339
167.	Old Calabar and Oyono	340
168.	Routes of Explorers in Tsad Basin	343
169.	Shores of Lake Tsad	345
170.	Lake of Tuburi	346
171.	The Ba Busso, or Eastern Shari, at Miskin, South-East of Lagon	347
172.	Tsad and Bahr El-Ghazal	348
173.	View taken on the Banks of the Shari	350
174.	Inhabitants of Kanem	355
175.	Inhabitants of Bornu	359
176.	Kuka	361
177.	The Mora Mountains	363
178.	Massena and East Baghirmi	368
179.	View taken at the foot of the Cameroons	370
180.	Chief Routes of Explorers in the Cameroons	372
181.	The Lobé Falls	374
182.	Tribes of the Cameroons	377
183.	Victoria	381
184.	Victoria and Bimbi	382
185.	Chief Routes of Explorers in the Gaboon and Ogoway Basins	385
186.	Confluence of the Komo and Ramboé	387
187.	Supposed Course of the Ogoway before the late discoveries	388
188.	The Ogoway and Zonengway	390
189.	Lines of Equal Cloudiness in Africa	391
190.	Inhabitants of the Gaboon and Ogoway Basins	395
191.	Fan Woman	396
192.	The Banya Lagoon and Ba-Lumbo Country	399
193.	A Cabinda	401
194.	Corisco Bay	403
195.	Elobey Islands	404
196.	Libreville and Mouth of the Gaboon	405
197.	Ma-Poko Falls on the Upper Ogoway	406
198.	Franceville	407
199.	Mouth of the Kwilu	408
200.	Portuguese Possessions North of the Congo	409
201.	Africa, according to Homann, in 1711	412
202.	Congo Basin as traced by Stanley after crossing the Continent	414
203.	Congo Basin as known in 1887	415
204.	Chief Routes of Modern Explorers in, the Congo Basin	416
205.	Lake Bangweolo, according to Livingstone	417
206.	Lake Bangweolo, according to Giraud	418
207.	Lake U-Nyamezi, according to Erhardt and Rebmann	420
208.	Lake Tanganyika	421
209.	View taken from Mpala, on the West Coast of Tanganyika	422
210.	The Lu-Kuga before the Flush	424
211.	The Congo and U-Banghi Confluence	426
212.	The U-Banghi : View taken at the Nkunjia Station	427
213.	The Congo Falls below Stanley Pool	429
214.	Last Rapids of the Congo	430
215.	The Devil's Cauldron	431
216.	The Congo Bar	432
217.	Lines of Navigation surveyed in the Congo Basin	434
218.	Forests of the Parallel Affluents of the Kassai	438
219.	Bangala, a Station of the Independent Congo State	442
220.	Zone Open to Free Trade in the Congo Basin	443
221.	Chief Routes of Explorers in the Upper Congo Basin	445
222.	Bunkeya and the Copper Mine Region	447
223.	Lake Bangweolo and the Lower Lua-Laba according to Livingstone	448
224.	Chief Tribes in the Upper Congo Basin	450
225.	Chief Routes of Explorers in the Congo Basin East of Tanganyika	452
226.	The Lu-Kuga Emissary of Tanganyika	453
227.	Tabora and Gonda	455
228.	Inhabitants of the Tanganyika Basin	456
229.	Ujiji and the Malagarazi	457
230.	Karema and Mpimbwe	458
231.	Ma-Rungu Fetishes	459
232.	Kavala Archipelago	460
233.	Tippo-Tip	461
234.	Stanley Falls	462
235.	Under Chief of Iboko and Head Chief of the Ba-Ngala	463
236.	Ba-Ngala Station.	465
237.	Chief Routes of Explorers in Monbuttu Land	466
238.	A Monbuttu Woman	467
239.	Inhabitants of the Welle Basin	469
240.	Niam-Niam Woman	471
241.	Niam-Niam Man	472
242.	Group of Niam-Niams and their Dwellings	473
243.	Upper Welle Basin	474
244.	Dead Trunks of Palms nee M'sula on the Congo	478
245.	Inhabitants of the French Congo	479
246.	Chief Routes of Explorers in the Kassai Basin	482
247.	Ba-Songe Villages	483
248.	Large States in the Congo Basin	486
249.	Land of Friendship	488
250.	Inhabitants of the Kassai Basin	490
251.	Confluence of the Cambo and Kwango	492
252.	Residence of the Muene Puto, Kassongo	493
253.	Density of the Population in the Congo Basin	494
254.	African Explorations since 1875	495
255.	Stanley Pool	496
256.	Old and New Vivi	497
257.	Boma	498
258.	Port of Banana	499
259.	Kakongo Type	501