Creation by Evolution

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CREATION BY
EVOLUTION

EDITED BY
FRANCES MASON

CREATION BY EVOLUTION

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From “Country Life,” London.

The Tree of Life.

Evolution does not move in a straight course, symbolized by the links in a chain; the tree is a symbol of nature’s plan of creation. The trunk represents the main course of life through the ages; the branches are the great groups of plants and animals that have appeared during the growth of the tree; the plants and animals now living are the green twigs at the tips of the branches. In the evolution of forms there are no offshoots leading from one branch to another; the branches start from below and diverge as they grow, each branch maintaining its own course.

Thus life in its evolution manifests itself in a related yet divergent series of forms, constituting the widespreading tree of life.

CREATION BY
EVOLUTION

 

A CONSENSUS
OF PRESENT-DAY KNOWLEDGE AS SET FORTH
BY LEADING AUTHORITIES IN NON-TECHNICAL
LANGUAGE THAT ALL MAY UNDERSTAND

 

EDITED BY
FRANCES MASON

❦

 

 

NEW YORK
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
MCMXXVIII

Copyright, 1928,

By THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.

---

Set up and printed.
Published May, 1928.
Reprinted June, 1928.

 

SET UP BY BROWN BROTHERS LINOTYPERS

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

BY THE CORNWALL PRESS, INC.

DEDICATED

TO THOSE WHO SEEK EVIDENCE OF

NATURE’S UNIVERSAL METHOD OF CREATION

AND TO THOSE WHO FIND THE STORY

OF INEXHAUSTIBLE INTEREST

CONTENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS

	PAGE
EDITOR’S PREFACE	vii
FOREWORD	ix
Professor Henry Fairfield Osborn, LL.D., D.Sc, A.B., Sc.D., Ph.D.
President of the American Museum of Natural History, New York City. Research Professor of Zoölogy, Columbia University. Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society, London. Member National Academy of Sciences. Pupil of Thomas H. Huxley.
INTRODUCTION	xi
Sir Charles Scott Sherrington, O.M., F.R.S., G.B.E., LL.D., M.A., M.D., D.Sc, F.R.C.P., F.R.C.S.
Retiring President Royal Society. Waynflete Professor of Physiology, Oxford University. Fullerian Professor of Physiology, Royal Institution of Great Britain. Royal Medallist, Royal Society. Baly Gold Medallist, Royal College of Physicians. Foreign Member of the National Academy of Sciences.
EVOLUTION—ITS MEANING	1
David Starr Jordan, M.S., M.D., Ph.D., LL.D.
Chancellor Emeritus, Leland Stanford University. Member Zoölogical Society, London. President American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1909–10. President World’s Peace Congress, 1915.
WHY WE MUST BE EVOLUTIONISTS	13
J. Arthur Thomson, M.A., LL.D.
Regius Professor of Natural History, Aberdeen University. Gifford Lecturer, St. Andrews, 1915. Terry Lecturer, Yale University, 1924.
CAN WE SEE EVOLUTION OCCURRING?	24
Herbert Spencer Jennings, B.S., A.M., S.D., Ph.D., LL.D.
Professor of Zoölogy and Director of the Zoölogical Laboratory of The Johns Hopkins University. President American Zoölogical Society, 1908-09. Member National Academy of Sciences. Hon. Fellow Royal Microscopical Society of Great Britain. Fellow American Association for the Advancement of Science.
VESTIGIAL ORGANS	34
George Howard Parker, S.D., S.B.
Professor of Zoölogy and Director of the Zoölogical Laboratory, Harvard University. Foreign Member Linnaean Society, London. Member National Academy of Sciences. Fellow American Association for the Advancement of Science.
EVOLUTION AS SHOWN BY THE ADVANCEMENT OF THE INDIVIDUAL ORGANISM	49
Ernest William MacBride, F.R.S., M.A., D.Sc, LL.D., F.Z.S., F.L.S.
Professor of Zoölogy, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London. Vice-President Zoölogical Society, London. Member American Society of Zoölogists.
EMBRYOLOGY AND EVOLUTION	62
Edwin Grant Conklin, S.B., A.B., A.M., Ph.D., Sc.D., LL.D.
Professor of Biology, Princeton University. Member National Academy of Sciences. Member American Society of Zoölogists. Foreign Member Société Royale de Sci., Med. et Naturelle de Bruxelles.
THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS	81
William Berryman Scott, A.B., Ph.D. (Heidelberg), LL.D., Sc.D. (Harvard and Oxford).
Blair Professor of Geology and Palaeontology, Princeton University. Wollaston Medal, Geological Society, London. Member National Academy of Sciences. Member American Philosophical Society (Pres., 1918-25). Member Geological Society of America (Past Pres.)
THE RECORD OF THE ROCKS	102
Francis Arthur Bather, F.R.S., MA., D.Sc, F.G.S.
President Geological Society of London. Keeper Department of Geology, British Museum (Natural History). Rolleston Prize of Universities of Oxford and Cambridge for Research in Biology.
THE NATURE OF SPECIES	112
John Walter Gregory, F.R.S., D.Sc, F.G.S., M.I.M.M.
Professor of Geology, University of Glasgow. Victoria Medal Royal Geographical Society. Gold Medal Royal Society, Edinburgh. Bigsby Medal Geological Society, London. Gallois Medal, Société Géographique de Paris.
THE PROGRESSION OF LIFE ON EARTH	124
Sir Arthur Smith Woodward, F.R.S., LL.D.
Past President of the Linnaean and Geological Societies of London. Keeper of Geological Department, British Museum, 1901-24. Vice-President of the Zoölogical Society, London. Royal Medal, Royal Society. Lyell Medal and Wollaston Medal, Geological Society, London.
THE EVOLUTION OF PLANTS	137
C. Stuart Gager, Pd.B., Sc.D., Pd.D., Ph.D.
Director Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Member New York Academy of Sciences. Member Botanical Society of America. Fellow American Association for the Advancement of Science.
THE STORY TOLD BY FOSSIL PLANTS	156
Edward Wilber Berry.
Professor of Palaeontology, The Johns Hopkins University. Member National Academy of Sciences. President Palaeontological Society of America, 1924. Member New York Academy of Sciences. Fellow Geological Society of America. Walker Prize, Boston Society of Natural History. Geologist, United States Geological Survey.
BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS AS EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION	174
Edward Bagnall Poulton, F.R.S., MA., Hon. LL.D. (Princeton), Hon. D.Sc. (Durham, Dublin), D.Sc. (Sydney).
Hope Professor of Zoölogy in the University of Oxford. Romanes Lecturer, Oxford, 1915. President of the Entomological Society of London, 1903-04, 1925-26. President Linnaean Society of London, 1912-16. Pupil of Alfred Russel Wallace.
EVOLUTION OF THE BEE AND THE BEEHIVE	186
Sir Arthur Everett Shipley, F.R.S., G.B.E., M.A., Sc.D., F.Z.S., F.L.S., Hon. D.Sc. (Princeton), Hon. LL.D. (Michigan), Hon. M.Sc. (Drexel Institute).
Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge University, 1917-19. Master of Christ's College, Cambridge. Late Vice-President Linnaean Society.
THE EVOLUTION OF ANTS	210
William Morton Wheeler, Ph.D., Sc.D.
Professor of Entomology and Dean of the Bussey Institution for Research in Applied Biology, Harvard University. Member Research Association of Social Insects, American Museum of Natural History. Fellow American Academy Arts and Natural History. Fellow American Association for the Advancement of Science. Member National Academy of Sciences. Member New York Academy of Sciences. Member American Philosophical Society.
THE EVOLUTION OF THE HORSE AND THE ELEPHANT	225
Frederic Brewster Loomis, B.A., Ph.D.
Professor of Geology, Amherst College. Fellow American Academy Arts and Sciences. Member American Association for the Advancement of Science. Fellow Geological Society of America.
EVOLUTION OF THE BIRD	242
David Meredith Seares Watson, F.R.S., D.Sc, F.G.Z.
Jodrell Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy, and Lecturer in Vertebrate Palaeontology, University of London. Lecturer in Vertebrate Palaeontology, University College.
CONNECTING AND MISSING LINKS IN THE ASCENT TO MAN	255
Richard Swann Lull, B.Sc, M.Sc, Ph.D., MA., Sc.D.
Director of Peabody Museum and Professor of Palaeontology, Yale University. Fellow American Academy Arts and Sciences. Fellow Geological Society of America. Member American Society of Naturalists.
THE LINEAGE OF MAN	270
William King Gregory, Ph.D.
Professor of Vertebrate Palaeontology, Columbia University. Associate in Anthropology and Curator of the Departments of Ichthyology and Comparative Anatomy, American Museum of Natural History. Member of the National Academy of Sciences, American Philosophical Society, etc., etc.
THE HUMAN SIDE OF APES	293
Samuel Jackson Holmes, B.S., Ph.D., M.S.
Professor of Zoölogy, University of California. Fellow American Association for the Advancement of Science. Member American Society Zoölogists. Member American Psychological Association. Member American Academy Arts and Sciences. Member American Society of Naturalists.
THE EVOLUTION OF THE BRAIN	311
G. Elliot Smith, F.R.S., M.A., Litt.D., D.Sc., M.D., Ch.M., F.R.C.P.
Professor of Anatomy, University of London. Former Vice-President of the Royal Society. Croonian Lecturer, Royal Society of Physicians. Royal Medal, Royal Society, 1912. Herter Lecturer, New York University.
PROGRESS SHOWN IN EVOLUTION	327
Julian Sorell Huxley, M.A.
Professor Zoölogy in Kings College, London. Newdigate Prizeman and First in Natural Science (Zoölogy), 1908. Lecturer in Zoölogy, Balliol College, Oxford, 1909-11. Fullerian Professor of Physiology in the Royal Institution since 1926. Grandson of Thomas H. Huxley.
MIND IN EVOLUTION	340
C. Lloyd Morgan, F.R.S., LL.D., D.Sc.
Professor Emeritus of the University of Bristol. First Vice-Chancellor of the University of Bristol. Pupil of Thomas H. Huxley.
CUMULATIVE EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION	355
Horatio Hackett Newman, B.A., Ph.D.
Professor of Zoölogy, University of Chicago. Member American Society of Zoölogists. Fellow American Association for the Advancement of Science. Member American Society of Naturalists. Head of Instruction Force in Physiology, Marine Biol. Lab., Woods Hole, Mass., 1909-1910.