Insects, Their Ways and Means of Living/Index

INDEX

A

• Acrididae, 28
• Aëdes, adult, 338

  larva, 339

  pupa, 339

• Aëdes aegypti, 331, 339, 340

  carrier of yellow lever, 339

• Aesop and the cicada, 183
• Agile meadow grasshopper, 53
• Alimentary canal, 109
• Amblycorypha oblongifolia, 39

  habits, 40

  song, 41

• Âme collective, 143
• American cockroach, 79
• Anabrus simplex, 54
• Ancient insects, 77
• Angular-winged katydids, 41-43
• Annual cicadas, 184

  song, 184

• Anopheles, 331, 340

  punctipennis, see Malaria mosquitoes

• Antennae, 12
• Aphids, 152

  apple, 157, 162

  birth, 164

  cornicles, 174

  eggs, 157

  feeding, 153

  garden, 171, 172

  hatching, 159-161

  mouth parts, 153

  parasites, 178

  predators, 175

  stem mothers, 162

  wing production, 164-166

  young, 162

• Aphis, 153

  apple-grain, 170

  green apple, 162

  rosy apple, 168

• Aphis-lion, 176
• Arthropoda, 26
• Asilidae, 324
• Australian cockroach, 79

B

• Beetles, blister, 22-25

  lady, 175, 230

  May, 230

  young, 237

• Behavior, 126
• Black cricket, 60

  in New England, 60

  rivalry of males, 62

  song, 60-63

• Black-horned tree cricket, 67

  antennal marks, 67

  attraction of female by male, 68, 69

  song, 68

• Blatella germanica, see German roach
• Blood of insects, 112
• Blowflies, 352
• Botflies, 352
• Brain, 117, 118
• Broad-winged tree cricket, 65

  antennal marks, 67

  song, 64

• Bush crickets, 69

  song, 70

• Bush katydids, 38

  song, 39

C

• Camel crickets, 55
• Cantharidin, 23
• Carboniferous dragonflies, 95

  insects, 86, 89, 90

  plants, 87, 88

• Caterpillar, 262

  alimentary canal, 289, 290

  celery, 229

  jaws, 286

  life, 262

  nature, 228

  silk glands, 287

  press, 288

  spinneret, 286

  spinning of cocoon, 282, 283

  structure, 237

  tent, 262-293

  transformation to moth, 293-305

• Caterpillar and moth, 262
• Cecropia moth, 228, 229
• Cellulose, digestion of, by termites, 137
• Chitin 256

Chloealtis conspersa, 30

• musical apparatus, 30

  song, 30, 31

• Chrysalides, 251
• Cicadas, 182

  annual, 184

  periodical, 184-225

• Cicadidae, 182
• Circotettix carlingianus, 32

  verruculatus, 32

• Cockroaches, 79
• Collembola, 247
• Common meadow grasshopper, 52

  song, 53

• Coneheads, 50
• Conocephalus fasciatus, 54

  song, 54

• Corn-root aphis, 172
• Coulee cricket, 54
• Cricket family, 55
• Crickets, 55

  bush, 69

  camel, 55

  European, 55

  field, 58

  foot, 55

  mole, 58

  musical organs, 56, 57

  tree, 63

• Croton bug, see German roach
• Culex, 331

  eggs, 331

  food, 337, 338

  larva, 331

  male and female, 335

  mouth parts, 335-337

D

• Deer flies, 320
• Diapheromera femorata, 71
• Digestion, 110
• Diptera, 315
• Double soma, 304
• Dragonflies, 95

  adult, 233

  Carboniferous, 95

  young, 233

E

• Ears of grasshoppers, 30

  of katydids, 36

• Egg laying of cicada, 212
• Eggs of aphids, 157, 158

  of cicada, 212

  Culex mosquito, 331

  grasshopper, 5, 6, 7

  house fly, 343

  roaches, 80, 81

  tent caterpillar, 262

• Enzymes, 111
• Epicauta vittata, 22
• European house cricket, 55
  

F Fat-body, OE6o, OE9 OE Field crickets, 58 Flies, 314 horn fly, 348 horsefly, 32o--3oE4 house fly, 34oE-347 in general, 315 larva, 325 pupa, 3oE7 stable fly, 348, tsetse fly, 348 young, OE3 l Food exchange by termites, 144 Foot of cricket, 55 of grasshopper, 3 katydid, 3 OE Fork-tailed bush katydid, 39 song, 39 Four-spotted tree cricket, 67

G Gadflies, 3oEo Ganglia, 118 Garden aphids, I7I , i72 Genus, defined, OE-v German roach, 79 egg case, 8 l hatching, 81, 8oE Germ cells, lOO, lO??, 124, 304 Glossina, see Tsetse tir palpalis, 350 morsitans, 350 Grasshopper, ? adults, 17 cousins, 26 definition, OE destruction of eggs by blister beetles, OE3, 24 devastation by, I8 ears, .30 egg laying, 4, 5 egg-pod, 5 eggs, 6, 7

Grasshopper, growth, 13, 14 hatching, 8, 9 head, 12 males and females, 3 migration, 18 molting, I4-I6 oviposttor, 4 parasite, I9, OEo songs, 3 o, 3 I spiracles, 13 wings, 29 young, I, 8, Il Grasshopper family, 28 Grasshopper's cousins, 26 Green apple aphis, ?6OE-168 Green bugs, Gryllus, 58, 60 assimilis, see Black cricket domesticus, 55, 60

H Handsome meadow grasshopper, 54 song, 54 Halteres, 319 Heart, I 12 Hexapoda, see Insecta Histoblast, OE59 Histogenesis, OE6o Histolysis, 2_ç 9 Honey dew, 155 Hormones, I 19 Horsefly, 3oEo larva, 3oE5 mouth parts, 321-323 pupa, 3oE5 sucking pump, 3oE2 House centipede, 8oE, 83 House fly, 34oE breeding places, 343 eggs, 343 larva, 343 mode of feeding, 346 mouth parts, 345, 346

[ 357 ]

House fly, pupa, 345 puparium, 344 unsanitary habits, 347 Hypermetamorphosis, OESo Hyperparasite, 18 [ Hypopharynx, 1o8 I lmaginal discs, 9-59 Imago, defined, 9-59 lnsecta, OE8 Intestine, 11o J Jumping bush cricket, 69 song, 7 ° June bugs, OE3 o K Katydid, 43 habits, 46 musical instruments, 47, 48 song, 44, 48, 49 true, 43 Katydid family, 32 Katydids, 32 angular-winged, 4' bush, 38 ears, 36 musical instrtnnents, 34-36 round-headed, 37 song, 33, 34 young, i 1 King termite, 134 L Labium, Io8 Labrum, Io8 Lady-beetles, 175, z3o Ladvbird beetles, [75, ?-3 ° Larva, characters, OE46 &finition, 9-45 nature, 9.49 of Aëdes, 339 Anopheles, 340, 341

INDEX

Larva of Culex, 33 I, 339-, 333 of files, 39-5 house fly, 343 mosquitoes, 39-9 wasps and bees, 9-59- Leaf insect, 7 I, 79-, 73 Legs of insects, 1o 7 Lepisma, 93 Lire of a caterpillar, 9-69- Locustidae, 39- Locusts, 9- seventeen-year, 189- Luna moth, OEOES, 9-3 ° M .?Iachilis, 93 Maggots, 9-59- ,?4alacosoma americana, see Tent caterpillar Malaria mosquitoes, 34 ° adult, 340 eggs, 340 larva, 34 o, 341 pupa, 34 [ Malaria parasite, 342 Malpighian tubules, [[6 Mandibles, I+ 7 Mantids, 73 Mantis, praying, 73-76 eggs, 75, 76 Maxillae, 1o8 May beetles, 23o Mayfly, 96 Meadow grasshoppers, 59--54 Mecostethus gracili«, 3 [ Metabolism of pupa, Metamorphosis, [4, complete, 9-45 defined, OEOE7 diagram, ?43 incomplete, of tent caterpillar, 9-97, 9-99-3o4 .?lio-ocentrum retinerve, 41, 43 song, 43

[ 358 ]

INDEX

Microcentrum rhombifolium, 4x, 4 OE, 43 song, 41, 42, 43 Mde cricket, 58 song, 58 Molting of grasshopper, ?4, I6 Mormon cricket, 54 Mosquitoes, 3oE9 adult, 33% 335, 338 .¢ë'des, 33 I /lnopheles, 33 I, 34o cornrnon, 33 ? Culex, 33 I larvae, 3oE9 rnalaria, 33 I, 34o Stegomyia, 338 yellow lever, 338 young, OE39 Moth of tent caterp]llar, 3o5 characters, 3o6, 3o7 egg laying, 3IoE ernergence from pupa, 3o5, 3o6 rnouth parts, 3o6, 3o7 proboscis, 3o7, 3o8 reproductive organs, 3 ? ? Moths, Cecropia, 2oE8 celery, OEoE9 Luna, OEoES, OE3 o Promethea, OEoE8 tent caterpillar, 3o5 Mouth parts, IoE, ?o 7 Musca domestica, see House fly Muscidae, 342 Musical instruments of cicada, of crickets, 56, 57 grasshoppers, 3% 3 ? msects, 33, 34 katydids, 34, 35, 36 Myiasis, 35oE N Nagana, 349 Narrow-winged tree cricket, 66, 67

Narrow-winged tree cricket, an- tennal rnarks, 66, 67 song, 67 Nemobius vittatus, 58 song, 58, 59 Neoconocephalus ensiger, 5o song, 5? retusus, 5o robustus, 5 ? song, 5 I Neocurtilla hexadactyla, 57 Neoxabia bipunctata, 69 Nervous systern, ? 17 Nyrnph, defined, 245 O Oecanthus angustipennis, see Nar- row-winged tree cricket latipennis, see Broad-winged tree cricket nigricornis, see Black-horned tree cricket nigricornis quadripunctatus, 68 niveus, see Snowy tree cricket Oesophagus, x ?o Orchelimum agile, .? 3 laticauda, vuAgare, 5oE, 53 Oriental roach, 79, 8o Origin of insect wings, 9 ?, 9 OE Orocharis saltator, 7 o Ovaries, IOEOE Ovipositor, 4, IOE3 Ox warble, 352 P Paleodictyoptera, 9% 92 Parasites, defined, x79 of aphids, ?77-?79 grasshopper, ?9, OEo Parthenogenesis, Periodical cicada, abdomen, OEo 5 adults, I99

[ 359 ]

INDEX

Periodical cicada, air chamber, 205 broods, 2rs-OEr 7 death of adults, 214 digging methods, 19o , 191 egg laying, 212-2 I4 eggs, 212, OEI 9 food, OE0O front leg of nymph, 19o hatching of eggs, head of aduh, 2oi huts, turrets, 192 mouth parts, OEoI-2O 5 musical instruments, 199 , OEo 7- nymphal chambers, I87-189 stages, 186, 187 nymphs, 185-i93 , ovipositor, 199 races, salivary pump, 204 song of large variety, 21o, OE! I of small variety, OEil, sucking mechanism, transformation, 193-199 two varieties, ?99 young nymphs, 223-225 Phagocytes, 259 , Phaneroptera, 38 Pharynx, I ?o Phylloxera, I72 Phylum, OE6 Physiology of tent caterpillar, 283 Plant lice, 152 Plasmodium, 342 Proboscis of moth, 3o7, 3o8 Promethea moth, 228, 2°-9 Propupa of tent caterpillar, 296- OE98 Protoplasm, IOO Pterophylla camellifolia, see Katy- did Pupa, OE5 o, 253 , ?54 added stage in metamorphosis,

Pupa, definition, of flies, 3OE7 house fly, 345 mosquitoes, 334, 339, 34 I tent caterpillar, OE98 reason for, OE57 Puparium, of house fl?, 344 Queen termite, 1.34, I49 R Rat-tailed maggot, 327 Reproduction, lO? Reproductive organs, I?2 Respiration, ! 14 Reticulitermes, ? 36 lire history, 136-I41 Rhadophorinae, 55 Roaches, 77, 8o and other ancient insects, 77 eggs, 8% 81 Robber flies, 324 Rocky Mountain locust, I7, 18, 19 Rosy apple aphis, I68-17o Round-headed katydids, 37 /lmblycorypha oblongifolia, 39 angular-winged, 4? fork-tailed bush, 39 Microcentrum, 4 I, 43 Phaneroptera, 38 Scudderia, 38, 39 S Sarcophaga kellyi, ? 9 2 I Scudderia, 38 fl«rcata, see Fork-tailed bush katydid Segments of body, 12 Sense organs, 121

[ 360 ]

INDEX

• Seventeen-year locust, see Periodical cicada
• Shield-bearers, 54
• Sleeping sickness, 349
• Slender meadow grasshopper, 54
• Snowy tree cricket, 65

  antennal marks, 66

  musical instruments, 57

  song, 66

• Soldiers of termites, 131
• Soma, 104, 304
• Somatic cells, 104
• Song of insects, 33, 34

  of cicada, 210-212

  crickets, 58, 60, 62-70

  grasshoppers, 30, 31

  katydids, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 47, 48, 49, 51, 53, 54

• Spiracles, 13, 114
• Spirochetes, 340
• Stagmomantis carolina, 73
• Stimulus, 106
• Stomach, 109
• Stridulation, 33
• Striped ground cricket, 58-60

  song, 58, 59

• Syrphid flies, 177

  larvae feeding on aphids, 176, 177

• Sword-bearing conehead, 50

  song, 51

T

• Tabanidac, 320
• Tent caterpillar, 262

  behavior on leafless tree, 278, 279

  cocoon, 282

  egg, 263

  egg mass, 263, 264

  epidermis, 295

  fat-body, 292

  feeding habits, 270 272 273, 276

• Tent caterpillar, general external form, 285, 286

  head, 284, 285

  internal organs, 289-291

  jaws, 286

  jumping from trees, 280, 281

  manner of feeding, 277

  metamorphosis, 293

  molts, 275

  moth, 305

  newly-hatched, 265

  prepupal stage, 295

  propupa, 296, 297

  pupa, 298

  silk glands, 286

  press, 288

  spinneret, 286

  spinning cocoon, 282, 283

  structure and physiology, 283

  tents, 270

  weaving tent, 272, 273

  young, 262

  in egg, 312, 313

• Termites, 125
• Âme collective, 143

  castes, 131, 141, 142

  community life, 134

  destruction by, 129

  digestion of cellulose, 137

  egg laying, 150, 151

  food exchange, 144

  fungus grown for food, 148

  king, 134

  life history, 136-141

  males and females, 133

  nests aboveground, 148

  in trees, 148

  underground, 147

  queen, 134, 149

  Reticulitermes, 136

  short-winged form, 133, 140

  soldiers, 131

  tropical termites, 146

  winged form, 133

• Termites, wingless males and females, 140

  workers, 131

  young, 136

• Testes, 122
• Tettigoniidae, 32
• Thorax, 12
• Thysanura, 247
• Tracheae, 114
• Tree crickets, 63

  antennal marks, 66, 67

  attraction of males for females, 68, 69

  black-horned, 67

  broad-winged, 65

  four-spotted, 67

  musical organs, 56, 57

  narrow-winged, 67

  Neoxabia, 69

  Oecanthus, 65-68

  snowy, 65

  song, 65, 66, 67

  two-spotted, 69

• Triungulins, 23
• Tropisms, 121
• True katydid, 43
• Trypanosoma, 349
• Tsetse fly, 348, 349, 350

  mouth parts, 350, 351

• Two-spotted tree cricket, 69

  song, 69

W

• Walking stick, 72
• Walking stick insects, 71
• Wasps and bees, larvae, 230, 238, 252
• Ways and means of living, 99
• White ants, 128
• White grubs, 230
• Wings, 83, 84

  evolution, 315

  of bees, 319

  beetles, 318

  butterflies and moths, 318

  dragonflies, 316

  flies, 319

  grasshoppers, 318

  roaches, 83, 84, 318

  termites, 146, 316

  wasps, 319

  origin, 91, 92

• Wigglers, 230, 329
• Woolly aphis, 172

X

• Xiphidium, 54

Y

• Yellow fever, 339
• Yellow fever mosquito, 331, 339, 340