ENGLISH GOTHIC. 305 9. Exeter (Nos. 115 D, 119 e). — Unique in having twin towers placed over the north and south transepts {cf. S. Stephen, Vienna, page 396). It is the best specimen of the Dec. style, and is exceptionally rich in varied tracery and carved wood and stonework. 10. *Gloucester (Nos. 115 H, 118 c). — Very rich in Early Perp. vaulting (No. 112 R, s). Norman choir cased with Perp. work, as at Winchester. Perp. cloisters of singular completeness, on the north side of Cathedral. Central tower, 225 feet high. 11. Hereford (Nos. 115 F, 120 h). — Norman nave and choir, E. E. lady chapel and Dec. central tower. 12. Lichfield (Nos. 116 f, 120 j, 124 .a, b, c, 137 e). — Situated on slightly sloping ground and built of reddish stone. The nave, transepts, chapter house and W. front are in the E. E. style. The Dec. central and two western spires of rich and graceful character form the only example of the triple combination in England. The clerestory windows of spherical triangular form. No cloisters. 13. Lincoln (Nos. 116 B, 117 F, 125, 126). — Rebuilt 1 185-1200. Situated on the ridge of a steep hill dominating the town, in general outline resembling Canterbury, and having also double transepts and central and western towers, the former (271 feet high) being the highest in England, excluding spires. " National Lincoln " sums up its greatest glory, and the student acquainted with Canterbury choir will see how the French feeling is here departed from. E. E. nave, transepts and choir, and Dec. "Angel choir," 1256-1314. The cloisters are on the north side. The E.E. decagonal chapter house, vaulted to central pillar, is surrounded by a ring of flying buttresses. The west iront is unusual, consisting of a screen wall behind which rise the two western towers, whose lower parts are therefore invisible. 14. Llandaff (No. 120 c).— A long low building, without transepts or side chapels, situated at the foot of a hill. Two western towers. The nave is much restored. No triforium. Square chapter house with central pillar. No cloisters. 15. Manchester (No. 119 b). — Perp. (a.D. 1422-1520). Remarkable for having double aisles, obtained as at Chichester by the inclusion of side chapel . Fine stalls. 16. Newcastle. — Late Dec. in style. Perp. tower (a.d. 1474), with spire resting on crown of arches, similar to S. Giles, EdinVangh, King's College, Aberdeen, and S. Dunstan in the East, London. Fine modern stalls. 17. 'Norwich (Nos. 116 d, 118 n). — The long, narrow nave, aisleless transepts and choir with apsidal chapels, are Norman (a.d. 1096-1 145). The choir clerestory, the windows beneath clerestory on south side of nave, and the vaulting throughout are Perp. The easternmost apsidal chapel, removed in the thirteenth century for an oblong lady chapel, since destroyed. Bold central Perp. spire. Chapter House, resembling that of Durham, destroyed. 18. Oxford (No. 114 F, 119 c). — Originally the church of a priory of Augustinian monks. The nave and choir are Norman (1158-1180), and the chapter house and lady chapel are E.E. Pillars of nave, alternately circular and polygonal, supporting Norman arches, beneath which is the triforium gallery, forming quite an unusual arrangement in order to gain height. Norman central tower having E.E. upper part and short spire. Nave shortened by Card. Wolsey when building his college of Christchurch, forms, as it were, a vestibule to choir, which has splendid fan vaulting with pendants. 19. *Peterborough (Nos. 115 c, 117 D, 122 A, B, c, D, 136 b). — A Norman Cathedral built between A.D. II 17 and 1 190. The interior is considered to be the finest in the Norman style next to Durham. The nave is covered with a painted wooden ceiling of lozenge-shaped compartments, ornamenting what is probably the oldest wooden roof in England. The nave aisles only are vaulted (</ Ely). The apsidal choir is inclosed in a square chapel of Late Perp., fan vaulted, as at King's College, Cambridge. The grand western facade, 158 feet wide constructed in A.D. 1233, consists of F.A. X
