ITALIAN RENAISSANCE. 493 c. Openings. Florence. — Openings are small, wide-spaced, and severe in treatment (No. 191). The typical opening is an archway in rusticated work, divided by a column carrying two minor arches, forming a semi-tracery head (No. 194 d). In courtyards, arches resting directly on columns are typical (No. 191). Rome. — Openings seem small in relation to the great order adopted (No. 195). A square-headed opening was treated with a framework of architrave mouldings (No. 196), and later on with orders on a small scale, surmounted by pediments (No. 197). Venice. — Openings are large, numerous, and close set ; the arcade and colonnade, as in the Colosseum, were adapted to palace fagades. The treatment of a centre and two wings, obtained by window spacing, was continued from previous periods (Nos. 207 and 209). D. Roofs. Florence. — Flat pitch tiled roofs are sometimes visible (No. 192). Raking vaults to staircases, and simple cross or waggon-vaults in halls, generally frescoed. In churches, the low dome over the crossing was a favourite feature (No. 193). Rome. — Roofs rarely visible (No. 197). Vaults of a similar kind were more elaborated, treated with coffering or stucco modelling (No. 198 h), after the style of the then newly-discovered Baths of Titus. Domes mounted upon a high drum and crowned with a lantern are universal in churches (No. 199). Venice. — Roofs having balustrades preferred (No. 210 a). Pictorial effect was attempted in the vaulting of halls and stair- cases. Domes are grouped with towers in churches (Nos. 211 and 212). In Milan and other North Italian cities, the low internal cupola was often covered externally by a lofty structure in diminishing stages, as at the Certosa, Pavia, and S. Maria della Grazie, Milan. E. Columns. Florence. — Early examples do not have the orders (No. 192), though columns were used to arcades, the arches springing direct from the capitals (No. 191). Rome. — The application of the orders on a great scale is the "motif" of the style. In their use, the scale of openings, and the internal necessities of the building, were not regarded, and even such features as balustrades were not regulated by use, but by the system of proportion to the order employed (Nos. 195, 197 and 200).
