494 COMPARATIVE ARCHITECTURE. Venice. — The problem of successive tiers of orders was worked out (Nos. 207, 208 and 209); projecting columns were preferred to pilasters, and entablatures were usually broken round these projections. F. Mouldings. Florence. — Mouldings are few and simple. Those between stories were reduced to the minimum, to give full effect to the grand crowning cornice, the details of which were based on Classic examples (Nos. 191 and 194). Rome. — Close adaptation of the features of the Classic orders marks the Roman style (Nos. 198 and 206), until Michael Angelo, and his followers, despising the sound methods of the earlier architects, introduced their arbitrary details. Venice. — Prominence of detail is characteristic of the late Renaissance works in Venice ; entablatures have deep soffits and keystones, and great projection, while spandrels have figures in high relief (Nos. 208, 210 and 214). G. Ornament. The revival of fresco painting and its application to buildings by the artists of the great schools of Italian painting had an important decorative effect on all the schools. Sculptured ornament to friezes carved with infant genii, scrolls, fruit and masks, was abundantly used in the three schools. Florence (No. 194). — Decoration, such as carving and sculpture, is collected in masses, which contrast with the plain wall surfaces, as in the great stone shields at the angles of palaces (No. 192). Rome (No. 206). — Stands midway between Florentine and Venetian work, having more variety than prevails in the sternness of the former, and less exuberance than is found in the latter. Venice (No. 214). — Decoration is equally spread throughout the fa9ade. Every spandrel has its figure, and the high relief of sculpture competes with the architectural detail in prominence (No. 209). 5. REFERENCE BOOKS. " Calli e Can all in Venezia" (published by Ongania). Venice, 1890-1894. Cicognara (Conte F. L.). — " Le Fabbriche e i Monunienti cospicui di Venezia." 2 vols., folio. Venice, 1838-1840. Leoni (G.). — " The Architecture of Andrea Palladio." London, 1715, '21, '42. Paoletti (P.). — " L'Architettura e la Scultura del Riuascimento in Venezia." 3 vols., folio. Venice, 1893. Ruskin (J.). — " Examples of the Architecture of Venice." Folio. 1851. Ruskin (J.). — " Stones of Venice." 3 vols., 8vo. 1851-1853. Schmidt (O.). — " Vicenza." Folio. 1898. Ci-awford (F. Marion). — "Marietta." ) „■ . • 1 w^,,^:^ ,.,. , , ,, . ^, ./ , r ,r • ,> Historical Novels. Oliphant (Mrs.). — Makers of Venice. )
