GLOSSARY. 689 Billet. — A moulding used in Norman limes ; it consists of short cylindrical or square pieces occurring at intervals (No. 139 c, D, G). Boss (Fr. bosse = lump or knob). — A projecting ornamertt, placed at the intersection of the ribs of ceilings, whether vaulted or flat. The term is also applied to the curved termination to the weather-mouldings of doors and windows. Bosses are often carved with great delicacy, with heads of angels or flowers and foliage (Nos. 109 A, 112, 143 D, J, 148 o, p, and 149 J, K, L, m). Bowtell. — A Gothic circular mould- ing, probably derived from the word bottle (No. 146). Bracket. — A projecting ornament carrying the upper members of a cornice (see Ancones and Console). Generally formrd with scrolls or volutes at the two ends (Nos. 67 D, 191 A, B, and 198 B, c). Broach-spire. — An octagonal spire rising above a tower without a parapet, and having the angles of tower covered with pyramidal forms, as in Early English works (No. 140 A, b). Buttress (Fr. aboiitir = [0 lie out). — A mass of masonry projecting be- yond the face of the wall to resist the pressure of an arch or vault. The development in each century will be noted under each style (Nos. 79, 100 B, 109 A, 127 A, B, 141, 153 A). A flyitig buttress is an arch resting on a detached pier some distance from a wall, the inner end resting against the church wall to take the thrust of the vaulting (page 269) (Nos. 100 B. 109 A, 141 E, F, G, H, 153 A and 157 B). Byzantine architecture. — The style evolved at Constantinople or By- zantium in the fifth century (page 192), and which is essentially the style of the Eastern or Greek church to the present day. Campanile. — An Italian name for a bell tower, generally detached from the main building (Nos. 96, 114 A, 181, 184 K, 214 K and 254). Canopy. — A covering over niches and tombs (Nos. 128, 174 A, C, M and 190 F, H, M, n). Capital (Lat. caput = a head). — The upper portion of a column or F.A. pilaster (Nos. 10, 13, A, C, G, 33, 38, 57, 67 A, G, 88, 89, 98). Caryatides (Nos. 42, 44 m). — Sculp- tured human female figures used as columns or supports (page 108). Tradi- tionally taken to represent the women of Caria, who sided with the Persians against the Greeks, and were made slaves. Caisson. — A panel or coffer in a ceiling (see Coffers) (Nos. 65 c, 68 B, 74. 198 H). Caulicoli [cf. page 85) [Lat. cazilis = a stalk]. — The eight stalks support- ing the volutes in the upper part of a Corinthian capital (No. 33). Cavetto (Ital. cavare, to dig out). — A simple concave moulding (No. 39 E, K). Chancel (Lat. canceUus = z. screen). — The portion set apart for the clergy and choir and separated by a screen from the body of the church (Nos. 127 D and 130 c). Chapels. — Places of worship, at- tached to churches, in honour of parti- cular saints. Sometimes erected as separate buildings (No. 159). Chapter-house (Lat. capituhtm). — It was the place of assembly for the abbot or prior and members of a monastery for the transaction of busi- ness, and usually opened out of the cloisters on the easternmost side, as at Westminster (No. 127 d). In England, it was usually polygonal on plan, with a vault resting on a central pillar. Ex. Lincoln (No. 117 F), Wells (No. 119 j), Westminster (No. 127 d). It was sometimes oblong, as at Canter- bury (No. 118 b). Chevet. — A term applied to a cir- cular or polygonal termination of a church, known as the apse, surrounded by an aisle off which are chapels (No. 159 b). Such chapels sometimes open direct into the nave (No. 100 F). Choir (see Chancel). Choragus. — A term given in Greece to those who superintended a musical entertainment, and provided a chorus at their own expense. Cinquefoil (No. 299 t). — A perfora- tion of five points (see Quatrefoil). Clepsydra (Gk. = a stealing away of water). — An instrument for measuring time by the discharge of water, a water clock. Y Y
