690 COMPARATIVE ARCHITECTURE. Clerestory. — The upper division in the nave of a church above the triforium (_Nos. 109 A, 127, 136 and 137). Pro- bably derived from the French clair = light, which was obtained at this stage. Cloisters. — Covered passages of communication, surrounding a square open space called the garth, and con- necting the cathedral to the chapter- house, refectory, and otiier parts of the monastery to which they were attached (Nos. 114 A, B, D, 116 A, D, G, and 127 d). They were generally placed on the south of the nave, and west of the transept, as at Westminster (No. 127 d). The desire for sunlight and warmth probably suggested this posi- tion. Coffers i^Lacunaria). — Sunk panels formed in ceilings, vaults, or domes (Nos. 54 A, 55, 74, 76, 204, 218 G). Column (Lat. columna). — A vertical support, generally consisting of a base, shaft, and capital (Nos. 38, 55, 77). Composite. — An order employed by the Romans, having a capital com- posed of the upper part of the Ionic and the lower part of the Corinthian (No. 57 A, B). Console (Nos. 44 k, l, 226 g, h) (see Bracket, Modillion, and Ancones). Coping. — The capping (whence the name) or covering to a wall. Corbels (Lat. coibis = a basket) are blocks of stone projecting from a wall, and supporting the beams of a roof or any weight ; they are often elaborately carved and moulded (Nos. 103 B, G, J, 138, 174 J and 194 c). Corbel Table. — A plain piece of projecting wall supported by a range of corbels and forming a parapet, generally crowned by a coping (Nos. 98 c, 103 B and 136). Corinthian {cf. page 85). — The third order of Grecian architecture (No. 38 e). Cornice (Fr. coniiche). — In Greek architecture the crowning or upper portion of the entablature (Nos. 16 A and 40 a), used as the term for any crowning projection (Nos. 191, 192, 197 and 198). Corona. — The square projection of the upper part of the cornice, having a broad vertical f;ce generally plain, and with its soffit or under portion recessed so as to form a "drip," which (as its name implies) prevents water from running down the building (No. 40 A. B, p, Q, r).j Cortile. — The Italian name adopted in English for the internal area, or courtyard, surrounded by an arcade in a palace, or other edifice (Nos. 191 E, o and 198 k). Crocke (Fr. croc = a hook). — Pro- jecting leaves or bunches or foliage used in Gothic architecture to decorate the angles of spires, canopies (No. 147 J, K, l), as in the spires of Ratisbon (No. 171). Cross. — The symbol of Christianity, generally placed on the summits ot gables and in other positions of promi- nence. It is often contained in a circle, and in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries l)ecame richly floriated and of more complicated forms (No. 149 A, B, c). Crypts (Gk. cryptos = hidden). — These are vaults, either entirely or partly beneath a building. In churches they generally occur beneath the chancel (Nos. 94 a, 199 B, 211 c, and 253 e). In early times they were used as places of burial. Cupola (L. citj>a = cup). — A spherical roof, rising like an inverted cup over a circular, square, or multan- gular building (Nos. 54, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 87, 176, 181, 199, 203, 212, 223, 253, and 254). Cusps (Lat. cuspz's = a. point). — The trefoil, and quatrefoil, terminations of Gothic tracery (Nos. 142, 143). Cyma (Gk. = wave or billow). — A moulding with an outlineof two curves. For cyma recta, and cyma reversa, see pages 102, 106. Cymatium. — The crowning member of a cornice, so called from its contour resembling that of a wave (No. 40 Q, r). Dado. — The portion of a pedestal between its base and cornice. A term also applied to the lower portions of walls when decorated separately (Nos. 49 c, E and 57 A, H). Dais. — A raised portion at the end of a mediaeval or other hall, where the master dined apart from his retainers. The term is now often applied to any raised portion of an apartment (No. 132 F). Decastyle. — A portico of ten columns (No. 53 A). Decorated (r/i page 341)- — The
