ð is mostly dropped in the conbination “gð”, but is occasionally changed to d or (ə)t. Examples: to af·breg(d)·, ōbreg (ut·brag· or ut·brāg·: Sa.). Further: (hɛ‘nti-, hæ‘nti-)lag and -lagət (lagəd) [lagðr], hentilaged. to hɛ‘nt (hæ‘nt) lag(ət)s (lagəds), hent1.
A development ð > d > t (ƫ) has taken place in e.g.: *ai·trahō·la [aðrahvára]. ū·tȯƫ·ləkt [úþýðligt]. väƫi- or väitikēb [*vaðkeipr]. When final, t is often found after r in an unstressed or secondary stressed syllable: -gə‘rt (mä‘rtigə‘rt, ɔkrəgə‘rt = merkigord, okregord) [garðr]. nebə‘rt [*niðrburðr], nebord. ȯᶁbə‘rt [atburðr], odbord, etc. Further: murət [mórauðr], mured.
“ðj” has become dᶎ, in e.g.: to rȯdᶎ [ryðja], rodj; on the other hand, e.g.: wɩdi [viðja], widdi.
Occasionally d from ð (when final) gives place to g fɔg·(ə)bȯr·gər [*fokburðr] and kāvabȯrg [*kafaburðr]. jōg, ø̄g [aða], jog1, øg. lɛg-vi̇̄sər [*leiðvísari]. skri̇̄g, parallel form to skri̇̄d [skrið]. Cf. verse 12 in the Foula ballad: “Nu linge stug an Konign”: nú lengi stóð hann konungrinn; v. 4: “gloug” [glóð].
30. f, when final, and before a vowel at the end of a word, has sometimes been preserved, in other cases it has been changed to v. Forms with f and v alternate in several words. Examples:
dɔf mould [*dofmold], but dōvən [dofinn]. *gåfa [gáfa]. gof [*gof(a), *guf(a)]. hāf [haf]. f commonly follows r, e.g.: dᶎa‘rf [djarfr]. ska‘rf [skarfr]. tȯ‘rfət, etc. [*tǫrfóttr]. On the other hand, arvi [arfi], arvi1. ēvalous [efalauss]. hɔvi, høvi [háfr]. to kāv [kafa]. klø̄vin [*kløyfingr]. krȯv [krof]. nev, nɛv [hnefi], nev2. to rɩv [rifa], riv2. rɔvək [rófa], rovek2. a skâv [^skaf]. to skāv [skafa], skav1. to sōv [sofa and sœfa], sov2. to tø̄v [þœfa].
Alternation takes place in e.g.: to dōvən and to dȯfən [dofna]. kāvi, kāva and kāfə, kāfa = kavi, etc. klōv(i), klȯvən and klȯfən [klofi, klofann]. nevatjɔg and ᶇâfatag [*hnefatak], nevatag.
f (after ū) has been dropped in e.g.: skrū [skrúf]. to stū [stýfa], stu1. Likewise f is dropped after ō in hō [háfr].
Initially, f and v (for orig. f) alternate in a few words, e.g.: fasgə‘rt, vasgə‘rt and vadᶎ·gōr·din [fastgarðr], vatək = fȯdək.
31. g is commonly preserved as g, when final and between two vowels, e.g.: bogi [bogi], bogi1. drâg (-drag), to drōg [draga], drog1. -flȯga (-flog) [fluga], floga2. mogi [magi], mogi (see Fragments of Norn, adages and proverbs). rūg [hrúga]. slāg, slāgin [slag], slag1, slagin. smoga, smɔga [smoga or smuga]. a stɩgi [stigi], stiggi1. trogəl [trygill], trugel, truggel1. g has been dropped in vō [vágr]. “gi (ggi)” > dᶎi in e.g. bɛldᶎiən = belgjin; knȯdᶎi = knoggi.
g alternates with ꬶ (the latter is esp. common in N.I.) before e and ɩ in a stressed syllable, e.g.: gebi and ꬶebi [Icel. gepill]. to gɛld and ꬶɛld [gelda]. a ꬶɛldin [geldingr]. ꬶera. (see Fragments of Norn, conversation), a gɛtlin, ꬶɛtlin [*geltingr]. ꬶɩl (gɩlək) and ꬶɩl [gil], gil1. gɩld or ꬶɩld [gildr]. ꬶɩ‘mp [*gim], gimp1. On the other hand, always with g-sound in the unstressed, final syllable “gi”. “gø̄” and “ꬶø̄” from orig. “gý” in gø̄r, ꬶø̄r [gýgr].
