"To drink", verb with formative. Philippines, Tag.: minum — Celebes, Bug. : minuṅ — Java, Old Jav. : minum — Sumatra, Toba : minum — Malay Peninsula, Mal. : minum — Madagascar, Hova: minuna — South- Western Border, Nias: minu.
159.' In many IN languages the verbal word-base unaccompanied by any formative is imperative, and this usage must be regarded as Common IN.*
Word-base as imperative. Philippines, Magindanao: sulat, " write ! " — Celebes, Mak.: lampa, " go ! " — Borneo, Day.: tiroh, " sleep ! " — Java, Old Jav.: laku, " go ! " — Sumatra, Toba: buwat, "take!" — Malay Peninsula, Mal.: paṅgil, " call ! " — Madagascar, Hova:fuha, " wake up ! " — Eastern Border, Kamberese: laku, "go!" — South- Western Border, Mentaway: ala, " take ! "
Note. — Hova has -a as a regular imperative formative (see § 30), but Richardson expressly states that fuha is also used as an imperative: the regular imperative alongside of it is fuha-z-a.
160. Specimen sentence with a word-base as an imperative : Kamberese, from the Story of the Civetcat: " Wait till we kill you ! " = Wait, (we) kill you ! = napa, mapameti kau.
161. The languages of the Philippines, North Celebes, Madagascar, and some other islands also have formatives for the formation of tenses, but the distribution of these formatives is not wide enough to entitle us to call them Common IN. The most widely spread case is that of n-, as a sign of the past tense. †
The Substantive
162. Substantives occur much more frequently without extension than verbs do. In the Banggaya sentence from the text communicated by Riedel: " We were going to the village of Seasea " = ikami ambakon do i lipu Seasea: the verb ambakon has a formative, but the substantive lipu, " village ", has not.
* [See Essay III, § 77.] † [See Essay III, §§ 93 seqq.]
