fighting, in which two vessels of Dewey's fleet took part, the Filipinos were driven back at all points with heavy loss. On 8 Feb. Aguinaldo asked for a truce, which was of course not granted. The campaign went on vigorously, the insurgents being driven back steadily, maintaining a guerrilla warfare. Late in the month Aguinaldo issued another manifesto lamenting the outbreak of hostilities, defending the course of the insurgents, and alleging that the people would "perish rather than accept the odious American dominion." Caloocan had been captured on 10 Feb., Pasig fell on 13 March, and Malolos, the capital of the insurgents, on 31 March. Two officers were sent to confer with Gen. Otis concerning peace on 28 April: unconditional surrender was the only terms offered, and they returned to their lines without success. Fighting was renewed, and carried on vigorously. The Filipinos made a brave but fruitless resistance, for a struggle against the overwhelming resources of the American republic could have but one outcome. In August Aguinaldo issued another address, appealing to the European powers for recognition of Filipino independence, to which no attention was paid, and also called a meeting of the revolutionary congress at Tarlac.
AHUMADA, Miguel, Mexican governor, b. in Colima in May, 1844. He abandoned his studies in the schools of Guadalajara to take part in the war named "La Reforma," and after that fought courageously against the invading French and attained the rank of colonel. When the republican army triumphed Mr. Ahumada went to Colima, and was elected a member of the state legislature. In 1869 he took part in the campaign of Tamaulipas under Gen. Diaz, and later filled several important posts. While living in the state of Chihuahua he was elected governor, and at present fills this place. Wishing to introduce in Chihuahua all possible improvements besides those already planned. Governor Ahumada visited the United States, where he was very hosfutably received.
AINSWORTH, Frederick Crayton, soldier, b. in Woodstock, Vt., 11 Sept., 1853; appointed assistant surgeon, U. S. army, 10 Nov., 1874; promoted surgeon, 27 Feb., 1891; appointed colonel and chief of the record and pension office, 27 May, 1893. He enjoys the distinction of being the only officer of the army promoted from the rank of major to colonel by the direct action of congress. From 1876 to 1886 there was a large arrearage of work in the office of the surgeon-general, and congress was regularly appealed to for more clerks, as there were over 9,000 cases in arrears. Col. Ainsworth cleared up all this arrearage, and instituted such a system that since that time all calls for medical histories of soldiers have been answered without delay. The hospital records of all soldiers of the volunteer armies are now contained on nearly 7,000,000 index record-cards, which are filed in the war department, and so convenient to reach that 20 clerks do nuich more work now than the 380 clerks formerly did. A like condition existed in the adjutant-general's office until the 400,000 volunteer muster-rolls and 100,000 record-books of that department were transferred to the record and pension office. In 1899 he was made brigadier-general, and placed in charge of the publication of the "Official War Records."
ALBERT, Aristides E. P., clergyman, b. in St. Charles parish. La., in 1853. He is of French-Negro extraction, and was educated as a Roman Catholic, but at thirteen years of age was converted to Protestantism in New Orleans. He studied at Clark university, and was graduated in theology at Straight university, New Orleans; was licensed to preach in 1868, became a member of the Louisiana conference in 1878, and afterward was pastor at Houma and New Orleans, and presiding elder of La Teche district for four years. He has been a member of several Methodist conferences, and from 1881 till 1884 was assistant editor of the "Southwestern Christian Advocate," succeeding to the editorsliip in September, 1887. He was the orator of the colored people of Louisiana at the Worhi's exposition at New Orleans in 1885, and soon afterward received the degree of D. D. from Straight university.
ALBRIGHT, Andrew, inventor, b. in Drydcn, N. Y., 23 June. 1831. He was brought up in the country, received a district-school education, and remained a farmer until 1866. In 1867 he went to New Brunswick, N. J., and began experimenting at the factory of the Novelty rubber company, in that city. After many months of opposition and hard work, he obtained a patent for hard-rubber coated harness and carriage mountings. He soon established a plant for the manufacture of these goods, which have had a rapid sale not only in the United States, but also in England, Australia, and the South American states.
ALDEN, Isabella Macdnnald, author, b. in Rochester, N. V.. 3 Nov., 1841. After completing her education. Miss Macdonald married, in 1866, the Rev. Dr. O. R. Alden. author of many Sunday-school books and "The Prince of Peace," a popular life of Christ. Mrs. Alden has written numerous juvenile books under the pen-name of "Pansy." and edited a iieriotlical with that title from 1873 to 1896. For several years she has been an editorial contributor to Boston, Cincinnati, and New York religious journals, and also to magazines.
ALDEN, William Livingstone, author, b. in Williamstown, Mass., 9 Oct., 1837. He was graduated at Jefferson, studied law and practised at the New York bar for several years. In 1865 he entered upon a literary career, writing leaders for the "World," "Times," and "Graphic" for twenty years, when he was appointed consul-general at Rome, where he remained from 1885-’9, receiving a year later decoration of the crown of Italy. Since then he has been a resident of London, continuing a literary career, and contributing weekly letters to the "New York Times." Mr. Allien is the author of "Adventures of Jimmy Brown" (New York, 1885); "Loss of the Swansea" (Boston, 1889); "Told by the Colonel" (New York, 1893); "Among the Turks" (1895); and several juveniles.
ALDRICH, Charles, journalist, b. in Ellington, Chautauqua Co., N. Y.. 2 Oct., 1828. He received a common-school education, and spent one year in Jamestown academy. In 1857 he went to Iowa and established the " Freeman " in Webster City. He served as chief clerk of the Iowa house of representatives in 1860-'2. 1866, and 1870. and was a member of that body in 1883-'3. Mr. Aldrich is the author of many of the important laws of Iowa, including that changing the system of county government from dictatorship of a single county judge to a board of supervisors, for the protection of birds, and for the preservation of the public documents of the state. He originated the agitation in the public press that resulted in the repeal in Iowa of the so-called granger laws for the regulation of the transportation on the railways and the adoption of a commission system. In 1882 he became widely known through his efforts to secure legislation prohibiting the issue of railroad passes to public officers. His speeches and articles in the "North American Review" and elsewhere were circulated
