Broth plus liver: Luxuriant, diffuse tur- bidity followed by agglutinative clearing. Moderate gas production. Milk: Acid; slow coagulation. Clot not digested. Indole is produced (Records and Vawter, Nevada Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 173, 1945, 30). Hydrogen sulfide is produced (Records and Vawter, loc. cit.). Acid and gas from glucose, fructose, galac- tose and glycerol. Lactose, maltose, su- crose, raffinose, arabinose, xylose, inulin, salicin, mannitol and dulcitol not fer- mented. Subsequent studies have shown that pure galactose is not fermented (Rec- ords and Vawter, loc. cit.). Acetylmethylcarbinol not produced (Rec- ords and Vawter, loc. cit.). Methyl red test is negative (Records and Vawter, loc. cit.). Nitrites not produced from nitrates (Rec- ords and Vawter, loc. cit.). Coagulated albumin: No liquefaction. Blood agar surface colonies (anaerobic) : Light, diffuse growth. Blood hemolyzed. Blood serum: No liquefaction. Brain medium: No blackening or diges- tion. Meat medium: Reddened; no blackening or digestion. Anaerobic. Grows well at 37° C. Somatic antigen not common with that of Clostridium novyi (Turner and Eales, Austral. Jour. Exp. Biol, and Med. Sci., 21, 1943, 79; also see Smith, Jour. Bact., 65, 1953, 222). Pathogenic and toxic for guinea pigs and rabbits. Effect due to an unstable, hemo- lytic, lethal toxin which is a lecithinase (McClung and Toabe, op. cit., 1947, 255). Toxin also contains (in common with the toxin of Clostridiiim novyi Type B) lyso- lecithin (Bard and McClung, Indiana Acad. Sci., Proc, 57, 1948, 43). Source: Isolated from the blood and from other tissues of cattle dying of icterohemo- globinuria. Habitat: Not determined. Thus far iso- lated only from animals. 21. Clostridium novyi (Migula, 1900) Bergey et al., 1923. {Bacillus oedematis ma- ligni No. II, Novy, Ztschr. f. Hyg., 17, 1894, 212; Bacillus oedematis thermo-philus Kruse, in Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 3 Aufl., 2, 1896, 242; Bacillus novyi Migula, Syst. d. Bakt., 2, 1900, 872; Bergey et al.. Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 326; Clostridium novyi Type A, Scott, Turner and Vawter, Proc. 12th Inter- nat. Vet. Cong., N. Y., 2, 1934, 175.) no'vy.i. M.L. gen. noun novyi of Novy; named for F. G. Novy, the American bac- teriologist who first isolated this organism. The descriptions of this and the following types were compiled from Keppie (A study of the Antigens and Toxins of Clostridium oedematiens and C. gigas by in-vitro and in-vivo methods. Thesis, Cambridge, 1943), McClung and Toabe (Jour. Bact., 53, 1947, 139), Oakley, Warrack and Clarke (Jour. Gen. Microbiol., 1, 1947, 91), Spray (in Man- ual, 6th ed., 1948, 777) and Turner (Black Disease (Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis) of Sheep in Australia. Counc. Sci. and Ind. Res., Australia, Bull. 46, 1930). Clostridium novyi Type A. Rods, 0.8 to 0.9 by 2.5 to 5.0 microns, oc- curring singly and in pairs, not in chains. Spores large, ovoid, usually subterminal, slightly swelling the cells. Motile by means of peritrichous flagella. Gram-positive. Iron gelatin (Spray): Liquefaction. Glucose blood agar surface colonies: Large, 3.0 to 4.0 mm in diameter, compact, raised; finely granular surface; edges coarsely indented; center raised and dense. Usually hemolytic. Egg yolk agar surface colonies: Smooth; irregular edge; precipitation zone under colony and around colony in a regular circle to a radial distance of about 4 mm. The in- tense zone of precipitation is sharply de- fined. Characteristically, an iridescent luster area marked by radial linear stria- tions covers the colony and extends beyond the colony in a regular circular zone to a radial distance of about 2 mm, only par- tially covering the precipitation zone. Broth: Turbid; flocculent sediment. Litmus milk: Acid; no coagulation. Lit- mus reduced. Indole not produced. Glucose and fructose are fermented. Ac- tion on glycerol and maltose variable. No
